LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

and IMMUNITY
Asst. Prof. Mary Abigail Hernandez, RN, MPH
 OUTLI
NE of Lymphatic System
> Functions
> Organization of Immune Function
> Lymphatic Vessel and Lymph Circulation
> Lymphatic Organs and Tissues
>Innate
C. Concept of Immunity
D. Self- recognition and Self -tolerance
E. Stress and Immunity
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the 3 hour lecture-discussion, the students should be
able to:

1) Explain the normal structures and related physiologic processes

involved in Lymphatic System
2) Explain the relationship between lymphatic system and
immunity
OBJECTIVES
3) Describe the normal physiologic process involved in specific and non-
specific immune defenses.

4) Differentiate between active and passive immunity

Watch video
 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
aka lymphoid system
consists of a
◦fluid called lymph,
◦vessels called
lymphatic vessels
that transport the
lymph,
◦a number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue red bone
marrow
PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
Lymphatic system has three primary functions:
1. Maintenance of fluid balance in the internal environment
Excess interstitial fluids -- blood/
venous circulation
2. Transports dietary lipids.

3. Carries out immune responses.

 ORGA
PRIMARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS
◦NS
Sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent
◦bone marrow and thymus

SECONDARY LYMPHATIC ORGANS

◦ Sites where most immune response occur
◦ Lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic nodules
PRIMARY ORGANS
are the sites where stem cells divide and become immunocompetent

RED BONE MARROW

◦immunocompetent B cells and pre t-Cells are produced
◦Produces mature lymphocytes ( B-lymphocytes)

THYMUS. The pre-T cells in turn migrate to thymus where

they become immunocompetent T cells.`
 THYM
bilobed organ located in
theUS
mediastinum between
the sternum and the aorta
each thymic lobe
consist of :
◦outer cortex
◦central medulla
 THYMUS: cortex
Outer cortex is composed of large
num bers of t cells
epithelial cells
◦ serve as framework for
as many as 50 T cells.
◦These epithelial cells help
“educate” the pre-T cells in a
process known as positive
selection
Dendritic cells- assist the
maturation process
Macrophages help clear out the
debris of dead and dying cells. The
surviving T cells enter the medulla.
 THYMUS :medulla
medulla consists of widely
scattered, more mature T
cells, epithelial cells,
dendritic cells, and
macrophages
 BONE
tissue that produces
MARROW
lymphocytes
It is where hematopoiesis
occurs.
The B cell undergoes nearly all
of its development in the red
bone marrow, whereas the
immature T cell, called a
thymocyte, leaves the bone
marrow and matures largely in
the thymus gland.
SECONDARY
The secondary lymphatic organs and tissues are the sites where most
immune responses occur.
They include lymph nodes, the spleen, and lymphatic nodules
(follicles).
LYMPH NODES
sometimes referred to as the “filters of the lymph”
◦ remove debris and pathogens from the lymph

covered by a capsule of dense connective tissue and divided into

compartments thru capsular extension called “trabeculae” to provide
support and routed for blood vessel
 LYMPH
The capsule, trabeculae,
NODES
reticular fibers, and fibroblasts
constitute the stroma
(supporting framework of
connective tissue) of a lymph
node.

The parenchyma (functioning

part) of a lymph node is divided
into a superficial cortex and a
deep medulla.
LYMPH NODES
Its inner cortex is called paracortex which consist mainly of T cells and
dendritic cells

The medulla of lymph node contains B cells, antibody-producing plasma

cells that have migrated out into the medulla.
Route of lymph
flow through a e
lymph nod
Afferent lymphatic vessel

Subcapsular sinus

Trabecular Sinus

Medullary Sinus

Efferent Lymphatic
vessel
 SPLE
It is a major secondary
EN
lymphoid organ,

the spleen is the largest single

mass of lymphatic tissue in the
body

sometimes called the “filter of

the blood”

location of immune responses

to blood-borne pathogens.
White p ul
consisting S P L
p i ofs
mostly
lymphocytes and macrophages.

l E ymEpNhatic tissue,
The red pulp consists of blood
filled venous sinuses and cords
of splenic tissue called splenic
(Billroth’s) cords. Splenic cords
consist of red blood cells,
macrophages, lymphocytes,
plasma cells, and granulocytes.
SPLE
EN
Functions related to blood cells:
(1) removal by macrophages of
ruptured, worn out, or defective blood
cells and platelets;
(2)storage of platelets, up to one-third
of the body’s supply; and
(3) production of blood cells
(hemopoiesis) during fetal life.
LYMPHATIC
NODULES
egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not
surrounded by a capsule

They are scattered throughout the connective tissue of

mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal,
urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory
airways

also referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

(MALT)
LYMPHATIC
NODULES
Among these are the tonsils in the pharyngeal region and the
aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer’s patches) in the ileum of the small
intestine.
LACTE
AL
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS
Also called Leukocytes

vital component of the blood

Their role is to fight infection

Classified as either granular

or agranular
◦Granular Leukocytes – neutrophils,
eosinophils, basophils
◦Agranular Leukocyctes- -lymphocytes,
monocytes

Normal count: 4,000- 11,000 per microliter

of blood.
WBC Components
1. Neutrophils-
◦Are phagocyti, have a trilobed nucleus, and make up the largest percentage
of leukocytes
◦responds most quickly to tissues
◦Releases enzyme called Iysozyme-destroys certain bacteria and strong
oxidants like hydrogen peroxide
◦Also contain defensins-proteins that exhibit a broad range of antibiotic
activity against bacteria and fungi
WBC Components
2. Monocytes-

◦Takes longer to reach a site of infection than neutrophil but they arrive in
large number

◦ They differentiate into wandering macrophages which clean up cellular

debris and microbes by phagocytosis
WBC Components
3. Eosinophils
◦primarily deal with parasitic infections. They are also the
predominant inflammatory cells in allergic reactions.
◦Releases enzymes that break downs chemical
released by the other cells
mediators

4. Basophils
◦chiefly responsible for short-term inflammatory response
(particularly from allergy or irritation) by releasing the
chemical histamine, which causes the vasodilation that occurs
with inflammation.
◦They produced heparin which prevents the blood from clotting
too quickly
WBC Components
5. Lymphocytes
◦Major soldiers in the immune system
◦Has three main types namely, B cells , T cells, and natural killer cells
◦B cells are particularly effective in destroying bacteria and inactivating their
toxins
◦T cells attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, also responsible for
transfusion reaction and allergies
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS
Photo of wbc components –nasa phone

Source: https://www.google.com/
IMMUNITY
body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials
or abnormal cells

consists of following activities:

◦Defense against invading pathogens (viruses & bacteria)
◦Identification & destruction of abnormal or mutant cells (primary defense
against cancer)
◦Rejection of 'foreign' cells (e.g., organ transplant)
The major types of
pathogens and some of the
diseases they cause
TWO TYPES OF IMMUNE
DEFENSES

Source:http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301_notes_4b.htm
INNATE (NON SPECIFIC)
IMMUNITY
refers to defenses that are present at birth.
includes the external physical and chemical barriers the skin and
mucous membranes.

Also include various internal nonspecific defenses such as

antimicrobial proteins, natural killer cells and phagocyctes,
inflammation and fever
INNATE (NON SPECIFIC)
IMMUNITY
Innate immune responses can start acting immediately on encounter
with infectious agents

Does not generate long-term protective immunological memory .

INNATE (NON SPECIFIC)
IMMUNITY
FIRST LINE
Physical
◦Skin (epidermis)/Mucous membranes
◦hairs/cilia
◦Tears from lacrimal apparatus
◦Saliva

Chemical
◦Sebum
◦Gastric juices
 INNATE
SECOND LINE
IMMUNITY
Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs)- inhibit microbial growth (dermicidin, defensins,
thrombocidin

Interferons- do not prevent viruses from attaching to and penetrating host

cells, they do stop replication (eg. alpha-, beta-, and gamma-IFN.)
INNATE (NON SPECIFIC)
IMMUNITY
Iron-binding proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by reducing
the amount of available iron. Eg: transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, and
hemoglobin

Complement system -system causes cytolysis (bursting) of microbes,

promotes phagocytosis, and contributes to inflammation
Natural Killer Cells
◦they have the ability to kill a wide variety of infected
body cells and certain tumor cells. NK cells attack any
body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma
membrane proteins.
◦Two ways perforin (inserted) and granzymes
( release)

Phagocytosis (phagocytes)
◦ the ingestion of microbes or other particles such as
cellular debris (Neutrophils and macrophages)
◦ Occurs in five phases: chemotaxis, adherence, in-
gestion, digestion, and killing
Watch
Inflammation
◦is a nonspecific, defensive response of the body to
tis sue damage
◦Is protective response to
◦ eliminate the initial cause of cell injury
◦To remove the damaged tissue
◦Generate new tissue
◦Systemic inflammation results in:
◦Production of large numbers of neutrophils from bone marrow
◦Production of pyrogenes
◦Loss of fluid from blood
◦View
video
The classic signs of
inflammation
Redness (Rubor) Due to capillary dilation resulting
from increased blood flow
Swelling (Tumor) Due to passage of plasma from
blood stream to the damaged site
Heat (Calor) Due to capillary dilation resulting
from increased blood flow
Pain or discomfort Mainly due to destruction of
(Dolor) tissue
Loss of function
(functio laesa)
the inflammatory response has three basic
stages:
(1) Vascular permeability/ vasodilation
and Release of mediators ,
(2)Exudate production and Fibrinogen, Thromboplastin &
Platelet formation
(3) tissue repair/ regeneration
Fever
It commonly occurs during infection and inflammation.

Elevated body temperature intensifies the effects of

interferons, inhibits the growth of some microbes, and
speeds up body reactions that aid repair

Triggered by cytokines- interleukin 1 and pyrogenes

ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC)
IMMUNITY
Ability of the body to defend itself against
specific invading agents such as bacterial,
toxins, viruses and foreign tissues.
involves lymphocytes called T lymphocytes (T
cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells).
 CLONE
Clonal selection is the process by which a lymphocyte proliferates (divides) and
PRINCIPLE
differentiates

The result of clonal selection is the formation of a population of identical cells,

called a clone.
 Major Histocompatibility
Complex
AlsAo ncatlilgedeHnuman leukocyte
There normal function is to help T cells recognize that an
antigensis foreign, not self.
antigen (HLA)

Two types of MHC antigens are Class I and Class II.

Class I MHC (MHC I) molecules are built into
plasma membranes of all body cells except red blood cells
Class II MHC (MHC II) – molecules appear on the
surface of antigen presenting cells
Self
recognition self
Antigen Processing and
Presenting
Antigenic Processing
◦antigenic proteins are broken down into peptide fragments that then
associate with MHC molecules.

Antigenic Presentation
◦The insertion of the antigen-MHC complex into the plasma
membrane

Antigen presenting cells - dendritic cells,

macrophages, and B cells.
Processing and
Presenting
Exogenous
antigen
Processing Lymphatic tissue to
+ and present to T cells
APCs Presenting

T- cells recognize and bind

Trigger with MCH II complex
adaptive immunity

Watch video
https://youtu.be/VRuHxEUggS
 Types of Adaptive
In HUMORAL In CELL MEDIATED
Immunity
immunity, B
immunity, T lymphocytes either
lymphocytes secrete
antibodies that eliminate
activate macrophages to destroy
extracellular microbes phagocytosed microbes, or kill
infected cells.
CELL MEDIATED
IMMUNITY
Particularly effective
against
T cells recognize antigen
as peptide presented by
MHC molecules
1) Intracellular pathogens
that resides within host
cells (fungi, parasites,
and viruses)
2) Some cancer cells
3) Foreign tissue
transplants
 S OF T-
3 MaTin
CELLS
A) Helper Cells
- Also known as CD4+ T cells

YTyp
B) Pes Cells
Cytotoxic
- also termed as CD8+ cells
E: -recognizes foreign antigens combined with
major histocompatibility complex class 1
molecules
C) Memory T-Cells
- Cellular immunity
 When is T Cell
activated? When there
are two signals
First Signal: Antigen
Second signal:
costimulation
recognition by a TCR ( Interleukins, CD4, B7,
with CD4 and CD8 CD28 proteins
T –CELL ACVTIVATION

Watch video
How cytotoxic T cell
kills?

Watch video
ANTIBODY –MEDIATED
(HUMORAL) IMMUNITY
works mainly against extracellular pathogens, which include any viruses,
bacteria, or fungi that are in body fluids outside cells.
Antibody-mediated
Immunity
B CELLS /PLASMA CELLS
◦ Forms clones of B cells which consist of Plasma cells
and memory B cells
◦ prolific producers of customized antibodies
(IgG antibodies)
Works mainly against:

1) Antigens present in the body fluids

2) Extracellular pathogens that multiply in body
fluids but rarely enter body cells
B-cell
activation

Watch video
B cell
activation
ANTIBODI
ES to a group of glycoproteins called globulins or
Belongs
immunoglobulins
Most antibodies contain four polypeptide chains

Actions:
◦Neutralizing Antigen-blocks toxins which prevents attachment of some viruses to
body cells

◦ Immobilizing bacteria- antigen –antibody reaction inhibit motility to limit spread

into tissues
ANTIBODY MECHANISM
◦Activating complement –helps in complement system

◦ Enhancing Phagocytosis -

◦Agglutinating and precipitating antigen

IMMUNOGLOBUL
IgG Protects from bacteria/viruses by enhancing phagocytosis,
INS neutralizing toxins, triggering complement system,
crosses
the placenta from mother to
IgM fetus antibody class to be secreted by plasma cells after
First
an initial exposure to antigen.
Activates complement and causes agglutination and lysis
of microbes.
IgE Located on Mast cells and basophils
Involved in allergic and hypersensitivity
reactions Provides protection against parasitic
IgD worms found on the surfaces of B cells as antigen
Mainly
receptors Involved in activation of B cells
IgA Levels decreases during stress, provides localized
protection on mucous membranes against bacteria and
viruses
Immunological memory is due to the presence of long-lasting
antibodies and very long-lived lymphocytes that arise during clonal
selection of antigen-stimulated B cells and T cells

Antibody titer
Antibody-mediated immunity
(Humoral)
1) Active – Ab are produced in response to an Ag
2) Passive – Ab are produced by another source, human/animal
PASSIVE
IMMUNITY
Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a
disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune
system.
ACTI
VE
Active immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers
the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease.

the resistance to pathogens acquired during an adaptive immune

response within an individual
 II. SPECIFIC DEFENSES

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Natural Natural antibodies

active passive obtained through
results from
having the placenta or
immunity: immunity: breast milk.
disease and
recovering Ab formed Ab
successfully. resulting transferred
from from mother
infection to baby

Artificial Artificial antibodies

active passive transferred from
conferred by
sensitized
immunization immunity: immunity:
with an antigen. person such as
Vaccines Injected Ab gamma globulin
or
Toxoids
 H Y P E R SacEtivNity iTn
immune
a sta response
te of a to alteforeign
re agent.
d re
Type I (anaphylactic) reactions – most common –exposure to certain
allergens
wShiIchTthIeVboTdyYreacts with an exaggerated
Type II (cytotoxic) reactions –blood transfusion

Watch video
HYPERSENTSITIVTY
Type III (immune-complex) reactions –RA

Type IV (cell-mediated) reactions -delayed hypersensitivity reactions -

usually appear 12–72 hours after exposure to an allergen.

Watch video
AUTOIMMUNE
Or autoimmunity

Immune system fails to display self- tolerance and

attack’s the person own tissues

Autoimmune means your immune system cannot tell

the difference between these foreign invaders and your
body’s healthy tissues and creates autoantibodies that
attack and destroy healthy tissue ("auto" means "self").

Watch video
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THANK
YOU!