Basic electrical engineering

UNIT – IV
Electrical machines

By
k.Vishnu
Asst.prof
 SYLLABUS
UNIT - IV
Electrical DC Machines: Construction and working principle of
dc machine, performance characteristics of dc shunt machine.

Electrical AC Machines: Generation of rotating magnetic field,

Construction and working of a three-phase induction motor,
Construction and working of Single-phase induction motor.
 ELECTRICAL DC MACHINES
Constructional details of a DC Machine:
A DC machine can be used as a DC generator or a DC motor without any
constructional changes. Thus, a DC generator or a DC motor can be broadly
termed as a DC machine.
Constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC
machine :
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DC GENERATOR:
10. BEARINGS
1. EYE BOLT
11. SHAFT AND PULLEY
2. YOKE (OR) MAGNETIC FRAME
12. COOLING FAN
3. POLE CORES AND POLE SHOES
13. END COVERS
4. FIELD COILS OR POLE COILS
14. TERMINAL BOX
5. ARMATURE CORE
15. VENTILATING DUCTS
6. ARMATURE WINDING
16. BASE PLATE
(OR) ARMATURE CONDUCTORS
7. COMMUTATOR
8. INTER POLES
9. BRUSHES AND BRUSH HOLDERS
A DC machine consists of two basic parts, stator and rotor. The
other important parts are described below.
1.Yoke:
 The outer frame of a D.C Machine (Generator or Motor) is called as yoke.
Yoke is made up of cast iron or steel.
 Yoke provides mechanical strength for whole assembly of the D.C Machine
 It also carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
2.Poles:
 Poles are to support field windings or coils which are wound around it.
 Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of screws or welding.
3.Pole shoe:
 Pole shoe is an extended part of the pole which serves two purposes,
(i)To prevent field coils from slipping and
(ii)To spread out the flux in air gap uniformly.
4. Field winding:
 Field winding is wound on poles and connected in series or parallel with
armature winding.
 Field coils are mounted on the poles and carry the dc exciting current.
 The field coils are connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite
polarity.
5. Armature core and Armature winding:
 Armature core is the rotor of a D.C Machine.
 Armature core is cylindrical in shape on which slots are provided to
carry armature winding.
 The armature core is laminated to reduce the eddy current loss.
 Armature winding can be wound by one of the two methods known as Lap
winding (A=P) and Wave winging (A=2)
6. Commutator:
 In DC Generator, commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts
the alternating voltage generated in the armature winding into direct
voltage across the brushes.
 In DC Motor, commutator acts as mechanical inverter which converts direct
voltage into alternating voltage.
 The commutator is made of copper segments insulated from each other
by mica sheets and mounted on the shaft of the machine.
7. Brushes:
 The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between the
rotating commutator and stationary external load circuit.
 The brushes are made of carbon and rest on the commutator.
 Thus brushes are physically in contact with armature conductors hence wires
can be connected to brushes.
CORBON BRUSH BRUSH HOLDER
 PULLEY
SHAFT
END COVERS:
VENTILATION DUCTS (OR) SLOTS:

VENTILATION SLOTS
 D.C GENERATOR
An electrical Generator is a machine which converts mechanical energy (or power) into electrical
energy (or power).
Principle of Operation of D.C Generator:
According to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
“Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, EMF is dynamically
produced in it”. The magnitude of the EMF is given by
E=Blv (Volts)
Where,
B= Magnetic filed
l = Effective length of conductor
v = Velocity of conductor in magnetic field
The direction of the induced emf / current is given by Fleming’s Right Rule
Fleming’s Right Rule:
Stretch the thumb, fore finger and centre finger of Right hand in mutually
perpendicular directions such that
Where,
 The Thumb represents the direction of the Motion of
the Conductor (F).
 The Fore finger represents the direction of the
magnetic Field (B).
 The Centre finger represents the direction of the
Current (I).
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF GENERATOR:
FARADAYS LAW OF ELECTRO
MAGNETIC INDUCION
PRODUCES DYNAMICALLY
INDUCED EMF
DIRECTION OF INDUCED EMF CAN
BE FIND BY FLEMINGS RIGHT
HAND RULE

Simple loop generator

CONVERSION OF AC TO DC:
GENERATED E.M.F IN DC GENERATOR IS AC
ONLY
COMMUTATOR CONVERTS AC TO DC i.e. IT
ACTS AS A RECTIFIER
EMF Equation of D.C Generator:
EMF Equation of D.C Generator:

Problem: A 4 pole, lap wound, d.c. generator has a useful flux of 0.07 Wb per
pole. Calculate the generated e.m.f. when it is rotated at a speed of 900 r.p.m.
with the help of prime mover. Armature consists of 440 number of conductors.
Also calculate the generated e.m.f. if lap wound armature is replaced by wave
wound armature.
Types of DC Generators:

Generators are generally classified according to the methods of field excitation.

1. Separately excited dc generators 2.Self excited dc generators

Separately excited dc generators:

A dc generator whose field winding is supplied from an independent external d.c. source

(e.g., a battery etc.) is called a separately excited generator.

Armature current, I a = I L Terminal voltage,

V = E g - I a Ra

Electric power developed = E g I a

Self-Excited D.C. Generators:

A D.C. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied current

from the output of the generator itself is called a self-excited generator.

There are three types of self-excited generators depending upon the

manner in which the field winding is connected to the armature, namely;
 Series generator

 Shunt generator

 Compound generator
Series generator:
 In a series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series with armature
winding so that whole armature current flows through the field winding as well as the load.
 Since the field winding carries the whole of load current, it has a few turns of thick wire
having low resistance.
 Series generators are rarely used except for special purposes e.g., as boosters.
Armature current, I a = I se = I L = I

Terminal voltage, V = E g - I (Ra + Rse )

Electric power developed = E g I a

Power delivered to load =V I

Shunt generator:

 In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding
so that terminal voltage of the generator is applied across it.
 The shunt field winding has many turns of fine wire having high resistance.
 Therefore, only a part of armature current flows through shunt field winding and the rest
flows through the load. V
Shunt field current, I sh  Rsh
Armature current, I a  I L  I sh

Terminal voltage, V  E g  I Ra

Electric power developed = E g I a

Power delivered to load =V I L

Compound generator:
In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on each pole
- one is in series and the other in parallel with the armature.
A compound wound generator may be:
Short Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel only with the armature
winding.
Series field current, I se = I L
Terminal voltage, V = E g - I a Ra - I se R se

Electric power developed = E g I a

Power delivered to load =V I L

Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field
and armature winding.

Series field current, I se  I a  I L  I sh

Shunt field current, I sh  V
Rsh

Terminal voltage, V  E g  I (Ra  Rse )

Electric power developed = E g I a

Power delivered to load =V I L

 DC MOTORS
A DC motor is a machine which converts electric energy into mechanical energy.
Principle of Operation DC Motor:
The working of DC motor is based on the principle that “when a current- carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force”.
The direction of mechanical force is given by Fleming’s Left-hand Rule and its
magnitude is given by
F = B I l Newton.
Where
B = Magnetic field
I = Current flowing through the conductor
l = Effective length of conductor
Fleming’s Left-hand Rule:
Stretch the thumb, fore finger and center finger of left hand in mutually
perpendicular directions such that
When
The Fore finger represents the direction of
the magnetic Field (B).
The Centre finger represents the
direction of the Current (I).
Then
TheThumb represents the direction of the
Motion of the Conductor (F).
 Working of DC Motor
When the terminals of the motor are connected to an
external source of d.c. supply
The field magnets are excited developing alternate N
and S poles.
The armature conductors carry currents.
All conductors under N-pole carry currents in one
direction while all the conductors under S-pole
carry currents in the opposite direction.
Suppose the conductors under N-pole carry currents into the plane of the paper
and those under S-pole carry currents out of the plane of the paper as shown in Figure.
Since each armature conductor is carrying current and is placed in the magnetic
field, mechanical force acts on it.
On applying Fleming’s left hand rule, it is clear that force on each conductor is tending
to rotate the armature in anticlockwise direction
All these forces add together to produce a driving torque which sets the armature
rotating. Page 30
Torque Equation of DC Motor

Page 31
Torque Equation of DC Motor

Page 32
 Types of DC Motors:
Like generators, there are three types of d.c. motors characterized by the connections of field
winding in relation to the armature. They are
1.Shunt Wound DC Motor
2.Series Wound DC Motor
3.Compound Wound DC Motor
 Short Shunt Connection
 Long Shunt Connection
Shunt DC Motor
Shunt-wound motor in which the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature.
V
Shunt field current, I sh =
Armature current, I L = I a + I shsh
R

Terminal voltage, V = Eb + I a Ra
Electric power developed = Eb I a
Power delivered to load =V I L
Series DC Motor
Series-wound motor in which the field winding is connected in series with the
armature. Armature current, I a = I se = I L = I

Terminal voltage, V = Eb + I (Ra + Rse )

Electric power developed = Eb I a

Compound Wound DC Motor
Power delivered to load =V I
Compound-wound motor which has two field windings; one connected in
parallel with the armature and the other in series with it.
There are two types of compound motor connections (like generators).
1) Short Shunt 2) Long Shunt
Page 34
Short Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel only with the
armature winding
Series field current, I se  I L
Terminal voltage, V  Eb  I a Ra  I L Rse
Electric power developed = Eb I a
Power delivered to load =V I L

Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field
and armature winding.
Series field current, I se  I a  I L  I sh
Shunt field current, I sh  V
Rsh

Terminal voltage, V  Eb  I a (Ra  Rse )

Electric power developed = Eb I a
Power delivered to load =V I L Page 35
of
 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Three-phase induction motors are the most widely used electric motors in
industry. Speed of this motors are frequency dependent. The induction motor
may be considered to be a transformer with a rotating secondary
Advantages
•It has simple and rugged construction.
•It is relatively cheap.
•It requires little maintenance.
•It has high efficiency and reasonably good power factor.
•It has self starting torque.
Disadvantages
•It is essentially a constant speed motor and its speed cannot be changed easily.
•Its starting torque is inferior to d.c. shunt motor.
Page 36
Constructional Details of A Three Phase Induction Motor
A typical motor consists of two parts namely stator and rotor like other type of
motors.
1.Stator: An outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC current to
produce a rotating magnetic field
2.Rotor: An inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the
rotating field.

Page 37
Stator:
It consists of a steel frame which encloses a hollow, cylindrical core made up of thin
laminations of silicon steel
A number of evenly spaced slots are provided on the inner periphery of the
laminations for providing 3 phase winding.
The 3-phase stator winding is wound for a definite number of poles as per
requirement of speed.
When 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field of constant
magnitude is produced.
This rotating field induces currents in the rotor by electromagnetic inductionPage 38
Rotor:
The rotor, mounted on a shaft, is a hollow laminated core having slots on its
outer periphery.
The winding placed in these slots (called rotor winding) may be one of
the following two types:
(i)Squirrel cage type (ii) Wound type
Squirrel cage type
Most of 3-phase induction motors use squirrel cage rotor.
It has a remarkably simple and robust construction.
The rotor winding consists of single copper or aluminum
bars placed in the slots and short-circuited by end-rings
on both sides of the rotor.
It suffers from the disadvantage of a low starting torque.
Page 40
Wound type
 In the wound rotor, an insulated 3-phase winding similar to the stator winding wound for the same
number of poles as stator, is placed in the rotor slots.
 The ends of the star-connected rotor winding are brought to three slip rings on the shaft so that a
connection can be made to it for starting or speed control.
 At the time of starting, the external resistances are included in the rotor circuit to give a large starting
torque.
 These resistances are gradually reduced to zero as the motor runs up to speed.

Page 41
Page 42
Principle of operation of three phase induction motors
Mechanical force acts on the rotor conductors and rotor start
to rotate in the direction of rotating magnetic field.
The torque is proportional with the flux density and the rotor
The motor speed is less than the synchronous speed.
The direction of the rotation of the rotor is the same as the
direction of the rotation of the revolving magnetic field in the air gap

Page 43
Principle of operation of three phase induction motors
When a 3-phase winding is energized from a 3-phase supply, a rotating magnetic field
is produced.
The speed at which stator magnetic field rotates is called synchronous speed
S).
(N

Magnitude of this rotating magnetic field is constant and is equal to 1.5 m

The rotating field passes through the air gap and cuts the rotor conductors,
which as yet, are stationary.
According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction current flows through the
short circuited conductors.
The interaction of the rotating flux and the rotor current generates a force that
Page 44
 Slip
•In practice, the rotor can never reach the speed of stator flux because of
friction and windage losses makes the rotor to slow down. Hence, the
rotor speed (Nr) is always less than the stator flux speed (Ns).
•The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating
stator field and the actual rotor speed Nr is called slip.
•It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed
i.e., the quantity (Ns – Nr) is called slip speed.
•When the rotor is stationary (i.e., Nr = 0), slip, s = 1 or 100 %

Page 45
Rotor Frequency( fr )
• The frequency of a voltage or current induced due to the relative speed
between rotor conductor and rotating magnetic field can be calculated by

Where (Ns – Nr) = Relative speed between magnetic field and the armature winding
P = Number of poles
For a rotor speed (Nr), the relative speed between the rotating flux (Ns) and the rotor is
(Ns – Nr)
The frequency of supply voltage (stator rotating flux) is
Problems:

1. A three phase induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied

from 50Hz system. Calculate (i) the synchronous speed (ii) the speed
of the motor when slip is 4% and (iii) the motor rotor current
frequency when the motor runs at 600 r.p.m.
2. A 6 pole, 3phase, 50 Hz induction motor is running at full load with a
slip of 4%. The rotor is star connected and its resistance and stand
still reactance are 0.25 Ω and 1.5 Ω per phase. The e.m.f between slip
rings is 100V. Find the rotor current per phase and power factor,
assuming the slip rings are short circuited.
Rotor Current
The e.m.f induced in rotor windings at standstill (s=1) is

The e.m.f induced in rotor windings under running condition is

Construction of single Phase Induction motor :
 Single ph. I.M. having two main parts:
 Stator

 Rotor

Stator: stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A single phase AC supply is given to the stator of
single phase induction motor. In this machine stator having two windings one is main winding and other
is auxiliary windings.
Rotor: rotor is a rotating part of an induction motor. The rotor connects the mechanical load through
the shaft. The rotor in the single-phase induction motor is of squirrel cage rotor type.
Constructional view of single Phase Induction motor :
Types of single phase induction motor
1. Split phase induction motor
2. Capacitor start induction motor
3. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor
4. Shaded pole induction motor
5. Permanent split capacitor motor