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Digestive System Part 1

The document provides an overview of the digestive system, detailing its components, functions, and anatomy. It describes the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination, as well as the structure of the oral cavity, teeth, and associated organs like salivary glands. Additionally, it covers the stomach's role in digestion, including its secretions and regulation of gastric activity.

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labyrinthys
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4 views34 pages

Digestive System Part 1

The document provides an overview of the digestive system, detailing its components, functions, and anatomy. It describes the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination, as well as the structure of the oral cavity, teeth, and associated organs like salivary glands. Additionally, it covers the stomach's role in digestion, including its secretions and regulation of gastric activity.

Uploaded by

labyrinthys
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM PART 1
Shigemasa, Yuki A.
Danque, Leona Aicelle R.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• It consists of the digestive tract /
gastrointestinal (GI) tract (oral cavity,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small &
large intestines, & anus).
• Plus the specific associated organs (salivary
glands, liver, & pancreas).
FUNCTIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
INGESTION
• The process of taking food, drink, or
another substance into the body
by swallowing or absorbing it.
DIGESTION
• Sequence by which food is broken down
and chemically converted so that it can be
absorbed by the cells of an organism and
used to maintain vital bodily functions.
ABSORPTION
• The simple molecules that result from
chemical digestion pass through cell
membranes of the lining in the small
intestine into the blood or lymph
capillaries.
ELIMINATION
• The food molecules that cannot be digested
or absorbed need to be eliminated from the
body. The removal of indigestible wastes
through the anus, in the form of feces, is
defecation or elimination.
MAJOR TUNICS OF
DIGESTIVE TRACT
• Mucosa – innermost; consists of (inner to
outer) mucous epithelium, lamina propria,
& muscularis mucosae
• Submucosa – contains plexus where
autonomic nerves innervate
MAJOR TUNICS OF
DIGESTIVE TRACT
• Muscularis – consists of circular smooth
muscle (inner) & longitudinal smooth
muscle
• Serosa – consists of peritoneum / Adventitia
– regions not covered by peritoneum
ANATOMY OF ORAL CAVITY
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ORAL CAVITY / MOUTH


• First part of GI tract; bounded by lips &
cheeks and contains the teeth & tongue
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FRENULUM
• Thin fold of tissue that serves as anterior
attachment of tongue to the floor of mouth
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TEETH
• Located in mandible & maxilla that can be
divided into four quadrants, with each
contains:1 central & 1 lateral incisors, 1
canine, 1st & 2nd premolars, and, 1st, 2nd,
& 3rd molars
ANATOMY OF ORAL CAVITY: TEETH

• Permanent Teeth / Secondary Teeth – adult teeth, normally 32 in


number.
• Primary Teeth/ Deciduous Teeth / Milk or Baby Teeth – lost &
replaced during childhood, 20 in number.
• Wisdom Teeth – the 3rd molar that appears in early 20’s.
• Pulp Cavity – center of tooth that contains pulp & is surrounded by
dentin (cellular, calcified tissue)
ANATOMY OF ORAL CAVITY: TEETH

• Enamel – extremely hard, acellular substance that protects tooth


against abrasion & acids.
• Alveoli – where the teeth are held in place along alveolar processes
which are covered by gingiva / gums & secured by periodontal
ligaments through embedding into cementum
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PALATE
• Roof of oral cavity that prevents foods from
passing into nasal cavity during chewing &
wallowing; consists of hard palate (anterior)
& soft palate (posterior)
PALATE

• Uvula – posterior extension of soft palate


• Tonsils (Discussed already in Chapter 14. A fast recall can be done.)
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SALIVARY GLANDS
• produce saliva & consist of three major
pairs.
SALIVARY GLANDS

• Parotid Glands – largest; located anterior to each ear where parotid


ducts enter oral cavity adjacent to the 2nd upper molars
• Submandibular Glands – felt as soft lump where submandibular ducts
open into the oral cavity on each side of the frenulum
• Sublingual Glands – smallest & primarily mucous secretions where each
gland has 10-12 small ducts opening onto the floor of oral cavity
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SALIVA
• mixture of serous & mucous fluids that is
secreted at rate of approximately 1L/day
which is regulated by ANS, primarily the
parasympathetic nervous system; has
many functions that include: helps keep the
oral cavity moist
SALIVA

• Mucin – a proteoglycan from mucous secretion that gives a lubricating


quality to the secretions of glands contains enzymes that begin the
process of digestion.
• Salivary Amylase – breaks down starch prevents bacterial infections in
mouth with a mildly antibacterial enzyme called lysozyme neutralize
pH
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MASTICATION /
CHEWING
• begins the process of mechanical digestion,
breaking down large particles into smaller
ones.
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PHARYNX
• only oropharynx & laryngopharynx carry
food to esophagus.
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ESOPHAGUS
• muscular tube (about 25 cm long) that
passes from pharynx to stomach; contains
vital sphincters:
ESOPHAGUS

• Upper Esophageal Sphincter – located at upper ends that regulate the


movement of food into esophagus.
• Lower Esophageal / Cardiac Sphincter - located at lower ends that
regulate movement of food out esophagus.
PHASES OF SWALLOWING / DEGLUTITION
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STOMACH
• Houses food for mixing with hydrochloric
acid & other secretions
STOMACH
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CHYME
• semifluid mixture of food & stomach
secretions.
SECRETIONS OF STOMACH

• Hydrochloric Acid – produce pH of about 2.0 (acidic) that kills


microorganisms & activates the pepsin.
• Pepsin – active form of pepsinogen that breaks down protein.
• Mucus – forms thick layer that lubricates & protects epithelial cells from
damaging effects of acidic chyme & pepsin; secretions can be
stimulated by stomach irritation.
• Intrinsic Factor – binds with vitamin B12 to be readily absorbed in small
intestine.
PHASES OF REGULATION OF STOMACH
SECRETIONS
• Both involve nervous (CNS reflexes integrated within medulla
oblongata & enteric plexus) and hormonal mechanism.
• Cephalic Phase – “get started”; stomach secretions are increased in
anticipation of incoming food.
• Gastric Phase – “go for it”; greatest volume of gastric secretion occurs
due to presence of food in stomach.
• Intestinal Phase – “slow down”; inhibits gastric acid secretions as the
acidic chyme enters into duodenum.
PHASES OF REGULATION OF STOMACH
SECRETIONS
Hormones Functions
Gastrin enters blood & carried back to
stomach; stimulates additional
secretory activity
Histamine enters blood to stimulate gastric
gland secretory activity; most
potent stimulator of HCl secretion
Secretin released from duodenum in
response to low pH; inhibits
gastric secretions
Cholecystokinin activated by fatty acids &
peptides in duodenum; inhibits
gastric secretions
MOVEMENT IN THE STOMACH

• Contractions occur every 20 seconds, proceeding from the body of the


stomach toward pyloric sphincter.
• Mixing Waves – relatively weak contractions that thoroughly mix
ingested foods & form chyme
• Peristaltic Waves – stronger contractions that force the chyme toward &
through pyloric sphincter (causing partial relaxation)
MOVEMENT IN THE STOMACH

• Hunger Pangs – “growling” stomach; uncomfortable sensations that can build up


to prolonged or tetanic contractions; peristaltic waves triggered by low blood
glucose levels from empty stomach; occur for about 2-3 minutes
• Distention of Stomach Wall – major stimulus gastric motility & emptying and
must be regulated
• Too fast, efficiency of digestion & absorption in small intestine is reduced
• Too slow, highly acidic contents damage stomach wall
• Vomiting – protective mechanism against the ingestion of toxic or harmful
substances

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