AKSUM UNIVERSITY

Aksum Institute of Technology

Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Department of Electronic Communication Engineering
Host Company: Mekelle Ethio Telecom, North Region

Name Id No

Gebrehiwet hiluf AKU1101941

Meron Kahsay AKU1102375
Kiros Seyfu AKU1101915
16/05/2017 ethio telecom 1
 Analyzing Performance of Rectangular
Planar Array Antenna

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 2

Contents page

Short introduction about the RAN sub section-------------4-7

Introduction about our project----------------------8-9
Statement problem-----------------------------------10
Objective----------------------------------------------11
Methodology------------------------------------------12-13
Result and discussion--------------------------------14-26
Conclusions and recommendation-----------------27-33

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 3

 Introduction about the RAN subsection
 A radio access network (RAN) is part of a mobile
Telecommunication system which implements a Radio access
technology.
 It resides between Mobile station (UE plus SIM card) and
Mobile switching center (MSC).
 RAN (Radio Access Network) has three sub departments:
 GSM for 2G,
 UMTS for 3G,
 LTE and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) for 4G
 OFDMA (Orthogonal Division Multiple Access) for 5G

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 4

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 5
 Radio Station Subsystem:
Radio station subsystem is portion of GSM architecture which covers all the
radio aspects.
 RSS is composed of two subsystems
 Mobile station (MS)
 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
• Mobile station (MS):- are the section of a GSM cellular network that the
user sees and operates.
• Base Station Subsystem (BSS):-
Base transceiver station (BTS):-
frequency hopping, channel coding and decoding, rate adaptation,
encryption and decryption, Paging and Uplink signal measures.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 6

 Base Station Controller (BSC):-It controls all the BTSs around it
and the switching mechanisms between MS and MSC,
manages radio and terrestrial channels, encrypts and decrypts
the data, traffic measurement, authentication, location register
and update and manages handover.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 7

 Introduction of the project
Rectangular planar array antenna is a sophisticated antenna
configuration that consists of multiple individual antenna elements
arranged in a rectangular grid pattern. This design allows for
enhanced control over the radiation pattern, gain, and directivity,
making it a popular choice for various applications, including
telecommunications, radar systems, and satellite communication.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 8

 Cont’d….

Fig 1: plannar array antenna

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 9

 Statement of the problem

 Limited coverage area

 Interference issues

 Inefficient resource utilization

 Complex network management

 Lack of flexibility

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 10

 objective
 General Objective

 The main aim of this project is to examine how a rectangular

planar array antenna performs across various antenna
parameters.
 Specific Objective
 Enhancing the total gain of the antenna
 Nullifying interference from specific directions
 Maximizing signal-to-noise ratio
 Identifying the direction of incoming signals
 Comprehending the advantages of rectangular array antennas

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 11

 Methodology
 Data collection and analysis
 Problem identification
 Literature review
 Evaluation of planar array antenna designs
 Recommendations of solutions

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 12

 Cont’d....
start

Varyng spacing Varying phase

of array angle of array Varying number of
elements antenna array elements

Test simulation
If there is
error

end

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 13

 Result and discussion

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 14

 cont’d….

Summary of Differences

Spacing Main Lobe Width Side Lobes Grating Lobes Applications

Narrow but with Prominent due to Yes Not suitable for most
dx=λ
grating lobes grating lobes (high amplitude) beamforming applications.

Narrow, optimal Widely used in beamforming

dx=0.5λ Moderate side lobes No
width and focused arrays.

Wider Suitable for wide coverage and low

dx=0.25 Suppressed side lobes No
than 0.5λ\lambda directivity.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 15

 Cont’d…
• λ: Introduces grating lobes, making the design unsuitable for
most practical applications.
• 0.5λ: Provides the best balance between directivity,
beamwidth, and the absence of grating lobes.
• 0.25λ: Sacrifices directivity for better coverage and smoother
patterns, with minimal side lobes.
• This analysis highlights the importance of element spacing in
antenna array design, as it directly impacts the radiation
pattern and application suitability.
•

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 16

 Cont’d….

Figure 3.9: Rectangular Array Factor at

dx=lambda and dy=lambda

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 17

 Cont’d…

Figure 3.8: Rectangular Array Factor at

dx=lambda/2 and dy=lambda/2

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 18

 Cont’d….

figure 3.7: Rectangular Array Factor at

dx=lambda/4 and dy=lambda/4
16/05/2017 ethio telecom 19
 Cont’d….

• Figure 3.13: 3D Array Factor of a 6x6 planar array antenna with dx=dy=lambda

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 20

 Figure 3.12: 3D Array Factor of a 6x6 planar
array antenna with dx=dy=0.50lambda.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 21

 Cont’d…

Figure3.11: 3D Array Factor of a 6x6 planar

array antenna with dx=dy=0.25lambda

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 22

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 23
Here’s a detailed explanation of how the Rectangular
Array Factor varies for the three cases of element spacing
(dx=dy=λ, dx=dy=0.5λ, and dx=dy=0.25λ), using common
values for N and M.

Setup for Common Parameters

•Number of Elements:
 N = [8, 16, 32, 64]: Along x-direction.
 M = [10, 20, 40, 80]: Along y-direction.
•Wavelength (λ): Normalized for simplicity.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 24

 Conclusion and recommendation
 CONCLUSION
 The project successfully demonstrated the critical role of
element count inter element spacing, and phase configuration
in optimizing rectangular array antenna performance

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 25

 Cont’d….
Recommendation
a) Recommendation to the university

We highly recommend the universities and concerned bodies to

make strict follow up on students and working in close

relationship with hosting organizations. But they don’t concern

whether the hosting company is related with us or not.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 26

 Cont’d….
b) Recommendation to the company
From the company we have been eager that the company itself

must arrange all necessary materials for internship program. But

there were faced some problem. For instance safety materials,

computer service and work shop were not available.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 27

 Cont’d….
 Recommendation to the student
 we need to recommend the students when they get to the hosting
company to highly interact (communicate) with the company staff
members specially with their supervisor, follow rules and ethics of
the company. Also they have to done the work tasks that may give
by their supervisor regularly.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 28

 Cont’d….
Future work
Future work may explore advanced optimization techniques and real
time adaptive systems for further enhancement of array antenna
capabilities.

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 29

 Thank you

16/05/2017 ethio telecom 30