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Types of Learning

The document outlines various types of machine learning, including supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves using labeled data to predict outcomes, while unsupervised learning focuses on clustering unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning emphasizes learning through trial and error based on rewards and punishments, distinguishing it from other learning types.

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21 views12 pages

Types of Learning

The document outlines various types of machine learning, including supervised, unsupervised, semi-supervised, and reinforcement learning. Supervised learning involves using labeled data to predict outcomes, while unsupervised learning focuses on clustering unlabeled data. Reinforcement learning emphasizes learning through trial and error based on rewards and punishments, distinguishing it from other learning types.

Uploaded by

andrajub4u
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of learning

• Supervised Learning
– X,y (pre-classified training examples)
– Given an observation x, what is the best label for y?

• Unsupervised learning
– X
– Given a set of x’s, cluster or summarize them

• Semi-supervised Learning

• Reinforcement Learning
– Determine what to do based on rewards and punishments.
Supervised Learning

X y
Input1 Output1 New Input x
Input2 Output2
Input3 Output3 Learning
Algorithm Model

Input-n Output-n Output y


• Predictive Modeling (Supervised Learning): Building a model for the target
variable as a function of the explanatory variable.
– Classification: Which is used for Discrete Target Variables.
Ex: Predicting whether a web user will make a purchase at an online book
store(Target variable is binary valued).
– Regression: Which is used for Continuous Target Variables.
– Ex: Forecasting the future price of a stock(Price is a continuous-valued
attribute) .
Unsupervised Learning

X Cluster
Input1 s
Input2
Input3 Learning
Algorithm

Input-n
Unsupervised Learning

Cluster Analysis:

• Grouping of similar things is called cluster.

• The objects are clustered or grouped based on the principle of


maximizing the intra class similarity(Within a Cluster) and
minimizing the interclass similarity(Cluster to Cluster).
Unsupervised Learning
Article Word
1 Dollar : 1, Industry : 4, Country : 2, Loan : 3, Deal : 2, Government : 2
2 Machinery : 2, Labor : 3, Market : 4, Industry : 2, Work : 3, Country : 1
3 Domestic: 4, Forecast : 2, Gain : 1, Market : 3, Country : 2, Index : 3
4 Patient : 4, Symptom : 2, Drug : 3, Health : 2, Clinic : 2, Doctor : 2
5 Death : 2, Cancer : 4, Document Clustering
Drug : 3, Public : 4, Health : 3, Director : 2
6 Medical : 2, Cost : 3, Increase : 2, Patient : 2, Health : 3, Care : 1

Document Clustering
• Each Article is represented as a set of word frequency pairs (w, c), Where
w is a word and c is the number of times the word appears in the article.
• There are 2 natural clusters in the above dataset
• First Cluster consists of the first 3 articles (News about the Economy)
• Second cluster contain last 3 articles (News about the Heath Care)
Semi-supervised learning
Semi-supervised learning

 Semi-supervised learning is an approach to machine


learning that combines a small amount of labeled data
with a large amount of unlabeled data during training.

 Semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised


learning and supervised learning.

 It is a special instances of weak supervision.


Reinforcement Learning
 Reinforcement learning is sometime called learning with a critic
because of this monitor that scores the answer, but does not
suggest improvements.
 Reinforcement learning is the problem of getting an agent to act in
the world so as to maximize its rewards.
 A learner (the program) is not told what actions to take as in most
forms of machine learning, but instead must discover which
actions yield the most reward by trying them.
Reinforcement Learning
Example : Consider teaching a dog a new trick:
 We cannot tell it what to do, but we can reward/punish it if it
does the right/wrong thing. It has to find out what it did that
made it get the reward/punishment.
 We can use a similar method to train computers to do many
tasks, such as playing backgammon or chess, scheduling
jobs, and controlling robot limbs.
 Reinforcement learning is different from supervised learning.
Supervised learning is learning from examples provided by a
knowledgeable expert.
Reinforcement Learning

Action at

State st
St+1
Agent Environment
Reward rt rt+1
Reinforcement Learning
Action at

State st
St+1
RLearner Environment
Reward rt
Q-values
rt+1
update
State,

Policy
Action at
action

state
Best

State st
St+1
User Environment
Reward rt
rt+1

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