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Multiple Xing

The document provides an overview of multiplexing techniques in computer networks, including Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). It explains the processes involved in circuit-switched networks and the roles of multiplexers and demultiplexers in combining and separating signals. Additionally, it distinguishes between synchronous and asynchronous TDM, highlighting their operational differences and applications.

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23 views24 pages

Multiple Xing

The document provides an overview of multiplexing techniques in computer networks, including Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), and Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). It explains the processes involved in circuit-switched networks and the roles of multiplexers and demultiplexers in combining and separating signals. Additionally, it distinguishes between synchronous and asynchronous TDM, highlighting their operational differences and applications.

Uploaded by

g.singghhh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course : BCA- Vth -Sem

Subject : Computer Network


Code : 503
Lecture : 01
Unit : 03

1
Objective:
To be acquainted with:
• Multiplexing
• WDM
• FDM
• TDM
• Data Link Protocol

2
Multiplexing
What is Multiplexing

•It is the process of sending signals from two or more


different sources simultaneously over a single
communication channel. Multiplexing is done by using a
device called multiplexer(MUX) that combines n input
lines to grenade one output line i.e. (many to
one).Therefore multiplexer (MUX) has serval inputs one
output.

• At the receiving end , a device demultiplexer


(DEMUX) is used that separates signal into its
components. so DEMUX has one input and several
outputs.
Multiplexing

How to share the capacity of a data link?


 FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing
 TDM: Time Division Multiplexing
• Synchronous TDM
• Statistical TDM
5
Taxonomy of Networks
• Communication networks can be classified
based on the way in which the nodes exchange
information:
Communication
Network

Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched
Network Network

Datagram Virtual Circuit


Frequency Time Division Network Network
Division Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Wavelength
Division
Multiplexing
Circuit Switching
• In a circuit-switched network, a
dedicated communication path
(“circuit”) is established between two
stations through the nodes of the
network
• The dedicated path is called a circuit-
switched connection or circuit
• A circuit occupies a fixed capacity of
each link for the entire lifetime of the
connection. Capacity unused by the
circuit cannot be used by other circuits
• Data is not delayed at the switches
Circuit Switching
• Circuit-switched communication involves
three phases:
1. Circuit Establishment
2. Data Transfer
3. Circuit Release
• “Busy Signal” if capacity for a circuit not
available

• Most important circuit-switching networks:


• Telephone networksServices
• ISDN (Integrated Digital Networks)
Circuit Switching

C
circuit 2
B D
1 2
3

A circuit 1 7 6 E
Types of Multiplexing

• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)


• Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM)
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM: A number of signals can be carried
simultaneously.
—Each signal is modulated to a different carrier
frequency
—Carrier frequencies are sufficiently separated
so signals do not overlap (guard bands)
• Available bandwidth of medium exceeds
the sum of all channels
• Examples: broadcast radio, cable TV
• Channel allocated even if no data

11
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Diagram

12
Frequency Division Multiplexing

• It is analog technique.
• In FDM, signals of different frequencies are combined
into a single composite signal and is transmitted on
single link.

• FDM requires that the bandwidth of a link should be


greater than the combined bandwidths of various signals
to be transmitted.

• Thus each signal having different frequency from a


particular logical channel on the link and follow this
channel only.

• These channels are then separated by the strips of


Frequency Division Multiplexing

•In FDM signals to be transmitted must be analog


signals. Thus digital signals need to be converted to
analog form, if they are to use FDM.
Applications of FDM
• FDM is used for FM & AM radio broadcasting. Each
AM & FM radio stations uses a different carries
frequency .

• FDM is used in television broadcasting.

• First generation cellular telephone also uses FDM.


Wave Division Multiplexing
• WDM is the analog multiplexing technique.WDM is
conceptually similar to FDM, in sense that it combines
different signals of different signals of different
frequencies into single composite signal and transmit
it on a single link.

• In WDM the different signals are optical or light


signals that are transmitted through optical fiber.
Wavelength goes up down and vice-verse.

• In WDM various waves from different sources are


combined to form composite light signal that is
transmitted across the channels to the different
receiver.
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• Multiple beams of light at different frequency
• Carried by optical fiber
• A form of FDM
• Each color of light (wavelength) carries separate
data channel
• 1997 Bell Labs
— 100 beams
— Each at 10 Gbps
— Giving 1 terabit per second (Tbps)
• Commercial systems of 160 channels of 10 Gbps
now available
• Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 channels at 39.8 Gbps
each, a total of 10.1 Tbps.
17
Wave Division Multiplexing
• At the receiver side, this composite light signal is broken
into different light waves by demultiplexer.

• This combines and splitting of light waves is not by using


a prism.

• One prism is used at the sender side to perform


multiplexing and another prism is used at receiver side
that perform demultiplexing.

• The basic principal behind the usage of prism is that, the


prism bends a beam of light based on the angle of
incidence and the frequency of light wave.
Applications of WDM

•WDM is used in SONET(Synchronous Optical


Network).It makes use of multiple optical fiber lines
which are multiplexed & demultiplexed.
Synchronous TDM
•Multiplexer allots the same time slot to each device at
all time either device having data or not.

• If there are n input lines then there are n slots in one


frame. Number of slots = No of input lines.

• Synchronous TDM does not give guarantee that full


capacity of link is used .

• The no of time slot in a frame is always based on no of


input devices .

• The time slots are fixed and predefined.


Synchronous Time Division
Multiplexing
• Data rate of medium exceeds data rate of
digital signal to be transmitted
• Multiple digital signals interleaved in time
—Can be at the bit level or in blocks
• Time slots pre-assigned to sources and
fixed
• Time slots allocated even if no data
• Time slots do not have to be evenly
distributed amongst sources

21
Time Division Multiplexing

22
Asynchronous TDM
•It is also known as STATISTICAL TDM.

•Multiplexer does not allots same time slot to each


device at
all time . Time slots are flexible and not fixed.

• If there are n input lines then there are m slots


perform. m is less than n.
• Asynchronous TDM give guarantee that full capacity
of link is used .

• The no of time slot in a frame is always based on


statistical analysis of no of input devices.
Statistical TDM
• In Synchronous TDM many slots are
wasted
• Statistical TDM allocates time slots
dynamically based on demand
• Multiplexer scans input lines and collects
data until frame full
• Data rate on line lower than aggregate
rates of input lines

24

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