GENERAL

MATHEMATICS

LOGIC: PROPOSITIONS
AND SYMBOLS

KHLYNDANNE JOYCE S. GUANTERO, LPT.

Subject Teacher
Learning Targets

o Illustrate proposition
o Distinguish between simple and compound
proposition
o Symbolize propositions
o Perform the different types operations on
propositions
Activity: STAND UP FOR LOGIC

Objective:
Students will actively participate by
standing up if a statement can be
answered with True or False, and
they will sit down if it cannot be
answered with either.
Activity: STAND UP FOR LOGIC

5+3 = 8 and 12-

7=5
Activity: STAND UP FOR LOGIC

All Grade 11
students have
exactly the same
height.
Activity: STAND UP FOR LOGIC

Pass the paper

and then leave the
room.
Activity: STAND UP FOR LOGIC

If today is Monday,
tomorrow is
Sunday.
Activity: STAND UP FOR LOGIC

2 + 2 equals
5
Activity: STAND UP FOR LOGIC

When will you

submit your
project?
PROPOSITION

A proposition is a
declarative sentence that
can be classified as true
or false but not both.
EXAMPLE & NON-EXAMPLE

Decide whether each of the following is a

proposition or not a proposition.

1. The number 4 is even and less than 12.

PROPOSITION
2. Tacloban City is the capital of Leyte.
PROPOSITION
EXAMPLE & NON-EXAMPLE

Decide whether each of the following is a

proposition or not a proposition.

3. How old are you?

NOT A
PROPOSITION
4. Open your eyes.
NOT A
PROPOSITION
EXAMPLE & NON-EXAMPLE

Decide whether each of the following is a

proposition or not a proposition.

5. I always lie
NOT A
PROPOSITION
PARADOX- A self-contradictory proposition.
DEFINITION

SIMPLE PROPOSITION –
a proposition that conveys
one thought with no
connecting words.
Example: Today is Monday.
DEFINITION

COMPOUND PROPOSITION –
contains two or more simple
propositions that are put
together using connective words.

Example: Today is Monday and

tomorrow is Tuesday.
DEFINITION

LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
and
or
not
If… then…
If and only if
DEFINITION

CONJUNCTIO
N
Two simple
propositions
connected using
the word and.
Example

p: I love you.
q: You love me.
Conjunction: I love you and you love
me.
Symbolic Statement:
DEFINITION

DISJUNCTION
Two simple
propositions
connected using
the word or.
Example

p: I love you.
q: You love me.
Disjunction: I love you or you love me.

Symbolic Statement:
DEFINITION

CONDITIONAL
Two simple
propositions
connected using
the words If …
then.
Example

p: I love you. Symbolic

Statement:
q: You love me.
Conditional:
If I love you, then you love me.
a. If I will love you, then you will love me.
DEFINITION

BICONDITIONA
L
logical statement that
combines two
propositions and
expresses a relationship
of equivalence between
them.
Example

p: I love you. Symbolic

Statement:
q: You love me.
Biconditional:
I love you if and only if you love
me.
DEFINITION

NEGATION
Statement that is
false whenever the
given statement is
true, and true
whenever the given
statement is false
Example

p: I love you.
Negation:
I do not love you.
Symbolic
Statement:
Problem Set 1

Classify each proposition as a simple or compound.

Classify each compound proposition as negation,
conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional.
1. There is a school event on November.
2. Roses are red and violets are blue.
3. The STEM students will conduct a science experiment,
and the HUMSS students will analyze a literary text.
4. Either he watches a movie or dines with his friends
5. If you are studying at ACLC, then you’re pretty.
Problem Set 1

Classify each proposition as a simple or compound.

Classify each compound proposition as negation,
conjunction, disjunction, conditional, or biconditional.

6. The students will succeed in their group project if and

only if they communicate effectively with each other.
7. The students are studying for finals.
8. Students can choose to study in the library, or they can
work in their classroom.
9. The library is closed on weekends.
10. The Grade 11 students will pass the General Math
class if and only if they complete all assignments on time.
MATHEMATICIA
N OF THE
DAY
?
Who is known as the "Father of
Logic" for laying the groundwork
for logical reasoning and
formalizing the system of
deductive reasoning?
A) Euclid
B) Pythagoras
C) Aristotle
D)René Descartes
THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Let p represent the

proposition
“He is studying at ACLC.”

q represent the proposition

THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Convert each compound proposition

into symbols.
a. He is studying at ACLC and he is handsome.
b. He is not studying at ACLC or he is not
handsome.
c. It is not the case that he is studying at ACLC
or is handsome.
d. If he is studying at ACLC, then he is not
handsome.
 NEGATION OF THE DISJUNCTION p or q

means
NEGATION OF THE CONJUNCTION p and q

means
THINK-PAIR-SHARE

𝑝 → ∼ 𝑞 ∼ 𝑝 ∨∼ 𝑞
𝑝∨𝑞 )
∼ 𝑝 ∨𝑞 ∼ 𝑝 →∼ 𝑞
𝑝 ∧ 𝑞 ∼𝑝 ∧𝑞
Example

Let p represent “Berino can

fly” and let q be “Carl is
kind” Write each symbolic
statement in word.

∼𝑞
Example

Let p represent “Maesza can

swim” and let q be
“Princess plays the
guitar.” Write each symbolic
statement in word.
𝑝∧ ∼𝑞
Example

Let p represent “Maesza can

swim” and let q be
“Princess plays the
guitar.” Write each symbolic
statement in word.
∼ (𝑝 ∨𝑞)
Example

Let p represent “Maesza can

swim” and let q be
“Princess plays the
guitar.” Write each symbolic
statement in word.
∼ (𝑝 ∧𝑞)
Example

Let p represent “Maesza can

swim” and let q be
“Princess plays the
guitar.” Write each symbolic
statement in word.
∼𝑝
 NEGATION OF THE DISJUNCTION p or q

means
NEGATION OF THE CONJUNCTION p and q

means
Example ------------

Let p represent “Joseph is

kind” and let q be “Joshua
plays basketball” Write
each symbolic statement in
word.
𝑝∨𝑞
Example

Let p represent “Joseph is

kind” and let q be “Joshua
plays basketball” Write
each symbolic statement in
word.
𝑝∧ ∼𝑞
 -------------

Example

Let p represent “Joseph is

kind” and let q be “Joshua
plays basketball” Write
each symbolic statement in
word.
∼ (𝑝 ∨𝑞)
Example

Let p represent “Joseph is

kind” and let q be “Joshua
plays basketball” Write
each symbolic statement in
word.
∼ (𝑝 ∧𝑞)
Example

Let p represent “Joseph is

kind” and let q be “Joshua
plays basketball” Write
each symbolic statement in
word.
∼𝑞
TRUTH VALUES OF
PROPOSITIONS
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

1. Conjunction

The conjunction is true if

and only if both
statements are true.
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

1. Conjunction
p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

1. Conjunction
Let p represent the proposition
“ 3 is a prime number.”
q represent the proposition
“1+3 = 4”
Conjunction: 3 is a prime number and 1+3=4.

What is the truth value of p

∧ q?
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

2. Disjunction

The disjunction is true if

at least one of the
statements is true.
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

2. Disjunction
p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

2. Disjunction
Let p represent the proposition
“when ”
q represent the proposition
“when ”

Disjunction: x+2 =5 when x=2 or 2x+1=1 when x=0.

What is the truth value of p

∨ q?
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

3. Conditional

The conditional is false only when

the first statement (antecedent)
is true and the second statement
(consequent) is false. In all other
cases, it is true.
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

3. Conditional
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

3. Conditional
Let p represent the proposition
“3+3 = 9”
q represent the proposition
“”

Conditional: If 3 + 3 = 9, then 33=6.

What is the truth value of p

→q ?
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

4. Biconditional

The biconditional is true

when both statements
have the same truth
value.
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

4. Biconditional
p q p↔
T T T
q
T F F
F T F
F F T
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

4. Biconditional
Let p represent the proposition
“”
q represent the proposition
“”

Biconditional:

What is the truth value of p

↔q ?
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

5. Negation

Negation changes the

truth value of a
statement.
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

5. Negation

p ~p
T F
F T
TRUTH VALUES OF PROPOSITIONS

5. Negation
Let p represent the proposition
“”

Negation: An acute angle does not measure 180°.

What is the truth value of ~p?

6 is even and
it is divisible
by 3.
If 8 is a multiple of
4, then 10 is an
even number.
15 is divisible by 4,
or it is a prime
number.
It is not true that
every rectangle
has four equal
sides.
The number 8 is even
if and only if it is
divisible by 2.
If today is raining,
then the ground is
wet.