Introduction

• Introduction of IoT, Design for IoT, IoT Framework, understanding IoT,

Challenges of implementing IoT systems, technological challenges,
socioeconomic challenges. IoT implementation procedure. IoT Versus
Embedded Systems, IoT Versus M2M, IoT Versus CPS, Wireless Communication
and Networking, IoT architecture.
• Reference book:
1. Sami Salama Hussen Hajjaj and Kisheen Rao Gsangaya,. (2022). The Internet
of Mechanical Things: The IoT Framework for Mechanical Engineers, CRC
Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2. Muhammad Azhar Iqbal, Sajjad Hussain, Huanlai Xing, and Muhammad Ali
Imran,. (2021). Enabling the Internet of Things: Fundamentals, Design, and
Applications, First edition, Hoboken, NJ:Wiley
 Introduction of Internet of Things
(IoT)
• The Internet of Things (IoT) is a
network of physical objects, vehicles,
buildings, and other items embedded
with electronics, software, sensors,
actuators, and network connectivity
that enable these objects to collect
and exchange data.
 How the Internet of Things Works

• Data Collection
Sensors in IoT devices gather real-time data
about their surroundings.
• Data Transmission
Collected data is transmitted to the cloud
or a local network using various
communication protocols like Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, or cellular networks.
• Data Analysis
Data is analyzed and processed to extract
meaningful insights.
• Action
Based on the analysis, actions are triggered,
like adjusting temperature, sending alerts,
or controlling devices.
A NEW DESIGN PARADIGM: THE INTERNET OF THINGS
• In 2016, there were 6.4 million Internet of Things ( IoT) devices
globally; this number is expected to become 20–50 billion by 2030.
• Human population projected to be about 8–9 billion by then, which
means in few years, there will be 5–6 IoT devices.
• IoT is being integrated into all modern and emerging fields of
technology, development, engineering, and manufacturing.
• The IoT is all around us; it is becoming everywhere, in our homes,
devices, vehicles, infrastructure, commerce, education, healthcare,
services, buildings, machines, and of course, our industry.
• The arrival of IoT introduces a new design paradigm into Mechanical
and Industrial engineering fields that incorporate IoT into the design
and development processes.
A New Design Paradigm: Design for IoT
• “ thing” being connected to the Internet, designers and developers need to
integrate connectivity and programmability into the design of every machine,
equipment, building component, infrastructure setting, machining centre, home
appliance, etc.
• IoT-ready systems would become more valuable in the future; systems with built-
in stateless (cross-platform) network modules, embedded systems, and input/
output ports would be easier to program, configure, and set up for IoT operations,
making them more attractive for solution provider and system developers.
• Durability is another factor. Unlike standard networking devices, such as modems
or routers, IoT devices are expected to operate in extreme conditions; in open
agriculture fields, in hazardous industrial settings, or on moving vehicles.
Therefore, these devices need protection; there is an actual demand for durable
casings and enclosures for IoT devices that can protect internal elements without
impairing operations.
A New Design Paradigm: Design from IoT
• Traditionally, designers and manufacturers gather performance data
while the product is still in-house, mainly during the prototype stages.
Product field performance is often collected in the form of customer
feedback through focus groups and surveys.
IoT can change all
• With devices/systems designed for IoT, i.e. connected and able to
stream data, all developed products and equipment can stream their
performance data back to the manufacturers in real time.
• This flow of in-field data is a game-changer; machines can directly report
performance analysis of key parts, and record physical breakdowns and
the conditions in which they occurred, thus helping engineers develop
more creative designs
 IoT for Mechanical Engineers
• Today, many major IoT applications directly involve Mechanical,
Mechatronics, Industrial, and Civil engineering, namely, IoT Robotics,
connected autonomous systems, Industry 4.0, Precision Agriculture,
Infrastructure, energy and resources management, and more.
• Software, Electrical & Electronics, Networking, Web Development,
Cloud Computing, etc., that often write about IoT. This makes it
challenging for engineers from Mechanical or other non-IT fields to
fully grasp IoT and adapt it successfully for their organizations and
applications
 THE IoT FRAMEWORK
• Computer networks : connecting two or more computers – recognize
each other and exchange information
• Internet and facilitate the transfer of data
• Internet Service Provider ( ISP) assigns -a unique IP address. IP address
is like your phone number; it is used to identify ( specifically modem)
when connecting to the Internet.

Internet Client
1. Person
2. Machine
3. Application
 TYPES OF IOT SYSTEMS
• By Flow of Data
Remote Monitoring , Remote Controlling, Thing to Thing, Combinations
• By Scope (Devices)
-Internet of Nano Things ( IoNT), covering nano-scale devices
`-Internet of Mission-Control Things ( IoMCT), for Military,
Police, etc.
-Internet of Mobile Things ( IoMT), for on- the-move IoT
devices ( OMIDs)
-Internet of Robotic Things ( IoRT), for IoT Robotics

• By Sector
-Agriculture, -Industrial, -Social, -Infrastructure, -Others
• By Networking Protocols
Cellular, LAN,/ PAN , LPWAN, Mesh Networks.
• The Gateway:
 The IoT framework
Sources of the data are the IoT devices or
things – Servers of the IoT framework.
• Things : machining centres in smart factories,
smart traffic lights, agriculture sensors, a
driverless car, a connected water dam, and
autonomous robots.
• send data to a remote computer or server
through the Internet.
Three principal elements of the IoT Framework
are:
1. The Thing; the device capturing and
broadcasting raw data
2. The Data Analytics (DA) Algorithm; converts the
raw data into a meaningful insight
3. The IoT Client; the application showing the
processed data and insight.
UNDERSTANDING THE FULL
POTENTIAL OF IoT
IoT Potential:
1. Streamlining Operations
• Streamlining operations refers to the practice of reducing operational costs, minimizing waste,
and maximizing utilization.
• Streamlining would result in leaner operations, which would result in increasing profits.
2. Repurposing data
using that information to streamline operations, IoT data can benefit other frameworks and
technologies
3. Data monetization
use and sell user data, and all insights developed from it for targeted advertising
1. Develop a working IoT system that can capture, process, and store data and insight.
2. Ensure proper encryption, security, and validation of the IoT data and insight.
3. Package the IoT data into periodic (daily/weekly/monthly) reports ready for purchase.
4. Research who else would be interested in this data, how much could it mean to them.
5. Armed with this information, approach possible customers and create the deals.
CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING EFFECTIVE IoT SYSTEMS
• THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF IOT
• Electrical and Electronics engineering
• Mechatronics or Electro-mechanical engineering
• Software engineering, specifically on programming and web applications
develop..
• Sensors, actuators, and controllers selection, setup, and programming
• Networking setup and configuration
• Knowledge of economics and business development
• SECTOR-SPECIFIC CHALLENGES
• Outdoor IoT Applications ( Open-Field Agriculture, Outdoor Robotics).
• Industrial IoT Applications ( Industry 4.0, Smart Factories, IIoT, etc. ).
• Social IoT ( Smart Homes, Smart Schools, Rehab Systems, Care for Adults and Disabled).
• Smart Cities and Infrastructure
• Mobile IoT Applications ( IoT for Vehicles, Logistics and Transportation, Drones, etc.)
CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING EFFECTIVE IoT SYSTEMS

• TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
• Software/Hardware Compatibility
• Network Capability and Limits
• Cybersecurity and IoT Attacks
• SOCIOECONOMIC CHALLENGES
- lack of interdisciplinary
- life time learning requirements
- availability of IoT-related laws and policies
 Social Internet of Things, smart homes.

O n- the-move IoT devices ( OMIDs) for logistics

 Multi Choice Questions (23/7/2024)
4. What is an IoT framework?
a) A network of connected devices
b) A platform that provides tools and services for developing IoT applications
c) A set of sensors and actuators
d) A communication protocol for IoT devices
5. Purpose of IP address is
a) Sending data
b) Receiving data
c) Connecting internet
d) Connecting computer peripherals
6. Data Analytics (DA) Algorithm used to
a) Structuring data
b) Control the data flow
c) Monitoring data flow in sequence
d) Converting raw data into meaningful insights.
 Multi Choice Questions (23/7/2024)
4. What is an IoT framework?
a) A network of connected devices
b) A platform that provides tools and services for developing IoT applications
c) A set of sensors and actuators
d) A communication protocol for IoT devices
5. Purpose of IP address is
a) Sending data
b) Receiving data
c) Connecting internet
d) Connecting computer peripherals
6. Data Analytics (DA) Algorithm used to
a) Structuring data
b) Control the data flow
c) Monitoring data flow in sequence
d) Converting raw data into meaningful insights.
 THE EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF IoT: THE DETAILED PROCEDURE

1. Set the Common Ground (differences and similarities, resources)

2. Define the system architecture (scope, sector, direction of data flow)
3. Define the data structure (needed insights, raw data, types, sizes, data sources)
4. Develop the IoT devices that would capture and broadcast the raw data (the things)
5. Obtain/setup networking to match system needs (data packet size, broadcast frequency)
6. Develop/select the DA algorithms to get the insights (Analytics)
7. Develop IoT clients (web applications) as per system architecture and DA algorithms
8. IoT outputs: protocols for streamlining operations
9. IoT outputs: protocols for repurposing data (reuse it for technologies)
10. IoT outputs: protocols for data monetization
 1. SET A COMMON GROUND
• Check of all in-house technologies, system, hardware, skills, and personnel
education and experience.
• The organization needs to know what technologies are available i n-house.
• The organization needs to review the following:
• Manufacturing systems ( production layout, machines used, etc.) ( if applicable)
• Open-source or Proprietary technologies ( can you modify it, or is it a Blackbox)
• Operating systems ( OS) available ( Windows, Linux, Mac, others)
• Programming languages, software solutions ( C++, Python, others, libraries)
• Custom/ unique systems or designs available only i n-house ( developed
internally)
 2. DEFINE YOUR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• which sector would this system belong to?
• What would be the scope of the system?
• What would be the direction of data flow?
• For example, agriculture experts would know what a precision agriculture
system needs to achieve.
• Energy experts would advise on the needed parameters for IoT sustainability
projects.
• Educators would advise on smart classrooms and delivery/assessment methods

• Sector, Scope, and Data Flow, would directly impact the design, setup, and
programming of all parts of the IoT framework, specifically, the IoT devices, the
DA algorithms, and the IoT clients.
 3. SET/ DEFINE DATA REQUIREMENTS

1. What insights do we need our IoT system to deliver?

Where ( within the field) and when will the plants need more water or
fertilizers
2. What raw data would we need to develop these insights? Where to get it from?
Soil moisture level, fertilizer level, ambient temperature

3. What types of data would we need to capture?

Examples: Text, numbers (Floats, integers), Booleans ( True/ False
values), image, videos
4. How much data would we need? How often would we need it?
Do we have specific needs, or can we use rates provided by the
available network?
DESIGN THE IOT DEVICES, THE
THINGS
5. NETWORKING CONFIGURATION AND SETUP
• Outdoor IoT applications, we could use Wireless Access Points
( WAPs).
• It is similar to the hotspot connection it can be created with mobile
devices.
• Except these are often devices sold directly by the cellular ISPs with a
subscription contract.
• The number of WAPs required would depend on the size of the field
and the number of IoT devices implemented in that application.
• Embedded IoT devices, installed within consumer products, could
utilize the local W i-Fi when the consumers power their products and
use them.
6. SELECT/ DEVELOP THE REQUIRED DATA
ANALYTICS
( DA) ALGORITHMS
• Purpose: Which could be any of the following :
• Descriptive: What is going on with our system?
• Diagnostic: Why is ( something) happening?
• Predictive: What is likely to happen ( to something)?
• Perspective: What can we do about it?
• Steps: In general, DA involve the following steps: pre-processing (cleansing,
transforming), integration ( combining multiple sources), and modelling/
visualization.
• Methods: The methods and techniques used in implementing these steps involve
various fields: Statistics & Probability, Fuzzy logic, Artificial Intelligence ( AI), Machine
Learning ( ML), Deep Learning ( DL), and other advanced Data Science topics.
7. DEVELOP/ SELECT YOUR IOT CLIENT
• First use any free email services out there, such as Yahoo, Gmail, or own corporate or
school email. It will free of cost , and setup will take minutes, but the contents of the
email would be exposed to the administrators of the service provider.
• A second option; you create the email application yourself; perhaps you want a
particular feature or a unique email ID. But you host the application using a hosting
web service for a fee. You need to have some knowledge of web development for
this option, and you need to spend money on hosting. Still, your email is exposed to
the hosting service.
• A third option; create the email application, launch it, and host it on your own
physical server. While this option would give you complete control and privacy, you
will need to be an expert in web development and spend more money on hosting.
• For IoT Clients, the above choices and the implications are precisely the same. There
are many free and open-source IoT client services, such as ThingSpeak and
Freeboard.io. These services could be a great starting point for learners, beginners,
and developers.
8. IOT OUTPUTS: STREAMLINING OPERATIONS
• three types of outputs from the IoT Clients that we can use for
streamlining operations:
• live ( or interactive or online) data,
• historical ( stored or offline) data,
• and performance reports.
• Live data refer to data that is currently happening as you look into the
IoT Client.
• If the IoT system monitors water level and receives a new set of data,
this data is considered live, interactive, or online.
9. IOT OUTPUTS: PROTOCOLS FOR REPURPOSING DATA
• Firstly, we need to identify other areas/fields where the IoT data could be useful. The IoT
team should consider the following; what else we can do with this data? Which other project
or activity can benefit from this insight? Who else would find this data beneficial?
• Alternatively, we could develop IoT systems specifically for other technologies. Prime
examples include BlockChain or Robotics; both fields need data extensively, so developers
could create dedicated IoT systems to develop the data and insights they need.
• Once we identify the target technology/ framework, we need to develop the Data Pipeline to
export the data from the IoT framework into that target technology/framework. The Data
Pipeline is a set of data processing designed to facilitate this transfer, namely:
• Data Conversion: IoT data is converted into compatible units/ settings based on the
requirements of the target technology/ framework.
• Data Repackaging: At this stage, data could be in the form of insights, so it is possible that
data would need to be returned to the raw or basic form. Also, the data structure is
reorganized as per the requirements of the target technology/ framework.
• Data Transfer: Once ready, the converted and repackaged data is then transferred to the
target technology/ framework. The rate of transfer is, again, as per the requirements of the
target technology/ framework.
10. IOT OUTPUTS: PROTOCOLS FOR DATA MONETIZATION

• Identify the Scope of Data to Be Monetized: Define precisely what

you are selling; your whole data set, a s up-set, a repurposed data set,
others.
• Ensure Validation of Data: You need to show your prospective
customers how you obtained your data, with evidence but without
exposing propriety information.
• Ensure Data Security and Encryption: This could also be considered
part of data validation, ensuring your data is also safe and protected.
• Package Data in Periodic Reports: Configure your system to create
reports daily, weekly, monthly, or in other intervals.
• Offer Data Subscription Services: To your prospective customers for a
profit.
 MCQs – 31/07/2024
7. Agriculture sector what type of system to be 10. What kind of predictive insights can be derived from IoT data
implemented? in a manufacturing setting?
a) Healthcare a) Predicting machine maintenance needs
b) Predicting employee performance
b) Manufacturing c) Predicting website traffic
c) Smart Agriculture d) Predicting social media trends
d) Transportation
11. What kind of insights can an IoT system provide in energy
8. What would be the scope of the smart agriculture
management?
system?
a) Power grid load balancing
a) Monitoring crop health and soil conditions b) Retail customer feedback
b) Tracking manufacturing processes c) Urban crime rates
c) Managing patient health data d) Fashion design trends
12. In IoT, what is the primary role of a client device?
d) Coordinating public transportation schedules a) To store data permanently
9. What would be the direction of data flow? b) To collect and send data to a server
a) From sensors to a central database c) To manage the network
d) To analyze data
b) From a central server to actuators
c) From user interfaces to the cloud
 MCQs – Ans
7. Agriculture sector what type of system to be 10. What kind of predictive insights can be derived from IoT data
implemented? in a manufacturing setting?
a) Healthcare a) Predicting machine maintenance needs
b) Predicting employee performance
b) Manufacturing c) Predicting website traffic
c) Smart Agriculture d) Predicting social media trends
d) Transportation
11. What kind of insights can an IoT system provide in energy
8. What would be the scope of the smart agriculture
management?
system?
a) Power grid load balancing
a) Monitoring crop health and soil conditions b) Retail customer feedback
b) Tracking manufacturing processes c) Urban crime rates
c) Managing patient health data d) Fashion design trends
12. In IoT, what is the primary role of a client device?
d) Coordinating public transportation schedules a) To store data permanently
9. What would be the direction of data flow? b) To analyze data
a) From sensors to a central database c) To manage the network
d) To collect and send data to a server
b) From a central server to actuators
c) From user interfaces to the cloud
 MCQs
13. Which of the following is a common challenge 16.What is the main purpose of the cloud server in an IoT
for IoT client devices? setup?
a) High-speed data processing a) To act as a backup power source
b) Limited battery life b) To process and analyze data from IoT devices
c) To manage local area network configurations
c) Unlimited storage capacity
d) To provide direct user interaction
d) High computational power 17. In an IoT system, which component is responsible for
14. What kind of data do IoT client devices typically sensing environmental data?
generate? a) Gateway
a) Real-time data b) Cloud server
b) Historical data c) Sensor nodes
d) User interface
c) Synthetic data 19. What is a common security measure to protect data
d) Fictional data transmitted in an IoT network?
15. Which component is crucial for IoT clients to a) Data compression
communicate over a network? b) Data encryption
a) A powerful CPU c) Data duplication
d) Data deletion
b) A network interface
c) A large display
d) A mechanical actuator
 MCQs - Ans
13. Which of the following is a common challenge 16.What is the main purpose of the cloud server in an IoT
for IoT client devices? setup?
a) High-speed data processing a) To act as a backup power source
b) Limited battery life b) To process and analyze data from IoT devices
c) To manage local area network configurations
c) Unlimited storage capacity
d) To provide direct user interaction
d) High computational power 17. In an IoT system, which component is responsible for
14. What kind of data do IoT client devices typically sensing environmental data?
generate? a) Gateway
a) Real-time data b) Cloud server
b) Historical data c) Sensor nodes
d) User interface
c) Synthetic data 19. What is a common security measure to protect data
d) Fictional data transmitted in an IoT network?
15. Which component is crucial for IoT clients to a) Data compression
communicate over a network? b) Data encryption
a) A powerful CPU c) Data duplication
d) Data deletion
b) A network interface
c) A large display
d) A mechanical actuator
IoT Basic Characteristics
IoT Vs Embedded Systems
 Difference between M2M and IoT
M2M IoT
In M2M, mostly communication type is In IoT, communication takes place at IP
point to point networks
Middleware not necessarily required for Middleware is required for data
data delivery delivery
Mostly, M2M devices do not rely on In IoT, most of the devices require
Internet Connection Internet connectivity

M2M devices have limited options to In IoT, multiple communications

integrate with other devices due to demand unlimited integration options
corresponding communication standard
requirements

M2M is a subset of IoT IoT is a broader term which includes

M2M as well as various other
 Difference between CPS and IoT
Cypher Physical System IoT
The term CPS is usually preferred over IoT by The term IoT is frequently preferred over CPS
the engineering communities. The computer by the network and telecommunications
scientists working with an embedded system communities and the computer scientists
also used this term doing research in the areas of next
generation networks and future Internet
advancements
In the United States, the CPS term is In the European Union, the term IoT is
preferred over IoT preferred over CPS
CPS is considered as a system IoT is considered as devices on the Interne
Development of effective, reliable, accurate, BigData collection, storage, management,
and real‐time control system is the primary analysis, and sharing over Quality of Service
goal of CPS (QoS) networks are primary goals of IoT
 WSN Versus IoT
WSN IoT
WSN refers to a set of dedicated sensors to IoT system includes all uniquely identifiable
monitor, record, and transmit physical physical things/ devices (i.e. home appliances,
parameters of an entity or environment to a vehicles, etc.) embedded with electronics,
central location software, sensors, and actuators, with
ubiquitous connectivity to each other over the
Internet. Moreover, sensor data processing
and analysis is also part of IoT
WSN is a subset of IoT IoT is a broader term and includes various
technologies
other than WSNs
Example: A large collection of sensors (optionally Example: A fridge having the capability of
connected) used to monitor the moisture in a sensing and transmitting the temperature
field likely to be considered as WSNs reading to the Internet is an example of a
smart device in the IoT system
 Wireless Communication and Networking

• Devices that are able to communicate electronic signals

 IoT Architectures
• Three‐layer IoT architecture
• Five‐layer IoT architecture
• Six‐layer IoT architecture
• Seven‐layer architecture
Three‐layer IoT architecture
• Perception Layer-Collection of
information- low power nanoscale
• Network Layer – handle
communication technologies –
heterogeneous data
• Application Layer – providing services
to users – services (data storage)
Five –Layer IoT architecture
1. Object layer deals: identification, collection,
and processing of object‐ specific
information (i.e. temperature, humidity,
motion, chemical changes, etc).
2. Object Abstraction (Network) Layer:
information processing.
3. Service management (Middleware) Layer:
pairing of services – processing and
transmitting -different hardware
4. Application Layer: semantic data analysis-
smart system
5. Business Layer: managing overall activities –
decision making – strategies
Six-Layer Architecture
1. Focus Layer
• identification of smart objects while focusing on the
aspects of IoT systems consideration.
2. Cognizance Layer
• This layer consisting of sensors, actuators, and data
monitoring modules is responsible for the collection of
sensing information from smart objects (identified in
the Focus layer).
3. Transmission Layer
• This layer is responsible for the transmission of sensed
data from the cognizance layer to the application layer.
4. Application Layer
• This layer is responsible for the categorization of
received information on the basis of application
modes.
5. Infrastructure Layer
• This deals with the availability of service‐oriented
technologies, i.e. Cloud, Big Data, data mining, etc.
6. Competence Business Layer
• This layer includes the analysis of business models of
IoT systems.
Seven -Layer Architecture
Layer 1:Things layer: endpoint devices of IoT systems including
smart things (with sensors and controllers) and smart mobile
devices (i.e. smartphones, tablets, Personal Digital Assistant
[PDA], etc.) to send and receive information.
Layer 2: Connectivity layer: in‐time transmission of observed
data within and between smart things of level 1 and across
different networks.
Layer 3: Edge / Fog Layer: conversion of heterogeneous
network data flows into information that is appropriate in
terms of storage and analysis.
Layer 4: Data Accumulation Layer: event‐based data is
converted to query‐based data for processing.
Layer 5: Data Abstraction Layer: rendering and storage of data
Level 6: Application Layer : system management and control
applications, business applications, mission ‐critical
applications, analytical applications.
Layer 7: Collaboration and Processes:

In collaboration and communication for business, processes

mostly transcend multiple IoT applications.
 MCQs

20.Which of the following is the first step in implementing an IoT solution?

a) Choosing the right IoT platform
b) Identifying the problem or use case
c) Selecting sensors and devices
d) Developing the user interface
21.In IoT, what does the term 'client' typically refer to?
a) The server that processes data
b) The user interface for monitoring
c) The device or application that sends data to a server
d) The database that stores IoT data
22.In IoT terminology, what is an 'endpoint'?
a) The central server that collects data
b) A sensor or device that generates data
c) The network switch connecting devices
 MCQs+Ans

Which of the following is the first step in implementing an IoT solution?

a) Choosing the right IoT platform
b) Identifying the problem or use case
c) Selecting sensors and devices
d) Developing the user interface
In IoT, what does the term 'client' typically refer to?
a) The server that processes data
b) The user interface for monitoring
c) The device or application that sends data to a server
d) The database that stores IoT data
In IoT terminology, what is an 'endpoint'?
a) The central server that collects data
b) A sensor or device that generates data
c) The network switch connecting devices
 MCQs

23. Which of the following layers in the IoT architecture is 27.In IoT architecture, what is the role of the Edge Computing Layer?
responsible for data collection from the physical environment? a) Centralize data processing
a) Application Layer b) Enhance real-time processing closer to the source
b) Network Layer c) Manage cloud infrastructure
c) Perception Layer d) Provide a user interface
d) Transport Layer 28. Which architecture model in IoT helps in managing and processing
large-scale data across distributed systems?
24. In an IoT architecture, which layer is responsible for data
transmission between devices? a) Client-Server Architecture
b) Fog Computing Architecture
a) Application Layer c) Monolithic Architecture
b) Network Layer d) Edge Computing Architecture
c) Perception Layer
29. In IoT architecture, which layer is primarily responsible for providing
d) Transport Layer
device management and data storage?
25. What is the main function of the Application Layer in IoT a) Middleware Layer
architecture? b) Network Layer
a) Data collection c) Perception Layer
b) Data processing and analysis d) Application Layer
c) Data transmission 30. The security of data in IoT architecture is typically managed at which
d) Device management layer?
26. The Transport Layer in IoT architecture primarily handles a) Perception Layer
which of the following? b) Network Layer
c) Application Layer
a) Security protocols d) Middleware Layer
b) Data routing
c) End-to-end data delivery
d) User interface
 MCQs+Ans

23. Which of the following layers in the IoT architecture is 27.In IoT architecture, what is the role of the Edge Computing Layer?
responsible for data collection from the physical environment? a) Centralize data processing
a) Application Layer b) Enhance real-time processing closer to the source
b) Network Layer c) Manage cloud infrastructure
c) Perception Layer d) Provide a user interface
d) Transport Layer 28. Which architecture model in IoT helps in managing and processing
large-scale data across distributed systems?
24. In an IoT architecture, which layer is responsible for data
transmission between devices? a) Client-Server Architecture
b) Fog Computing Architecture
a) Application Layer c) Monolithic Architecture
b) Network Layer d) Edge Computing Architecture
c) Perception Layer
29. In IoT architecture, which layer is primarily responsible for providing
d) Transport Layer
device management and data storage?
25. What is the main function of the Application Layer in IoT a) Middleware Layer
architecture? b) Network Layer
a) Data collection c) Perception Layer
b) Data processing and analysis d) Application Layer
c) Data transmission 30. The security of data in IoT architecture is typically managed at which
d) Device management layer?
26. The Transport Layer in IoT architecture primarily handles a) Perception Layer
which of the following? b) Network Layer
c) Application Layer
a) Security protocols d) Middleware Layer
b) Data routing
c) End-to-end data delivery
d) User interface