PAILAN COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

CA 1 Examination

NAME MUNTUSHA MONDAL

:
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO 15600123021
:
STREAM COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
: (CSE)
SUBJECT NAME MATHEMATICS-III
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SUBJECT CODE BSC 301
:
SESSION 2023-2027
:
3rd SEMESTER
 SERIES and
SEQUENCE
 Introduction
 Sequence
 Types of Sequence
 Series
 Types of Series
 Test of Convergence Series
INTRODUCTION
Sequence and series are two of the most fundamental ideas in arithmetic. An
arithmetic progression is one of the most common examples of sequence and
series.

SEQUENCE :
A sequence is a collection of
objects/events organized sequentially
so that each item occurs before or after
every other member.

SERIES :
Series can be broadly defined as the sum of all the
terms in an addition or multiplication order, as well as
any other mathematical operations.
SEQUENCE
A collection of S of real numbers is said to
be a sequence of numbers if corresponding • {5,5,5….} = constant
sequence
to every positive integer n , there exist a
unique element • {5,7,9,11} = finite
of S. sequence

The element of S corresponding to the • {1,1/2,1/3,1/4…} or

positive {an} where an = 1/n =
integer n is usually denoted by an harmonic sequence

Representation

A sequence of numbers can be written

in the form a1 , a2 , a3 ……
A sequence consisting of a1 , a2 , a3
….. Is usually denoted by {a1,a2….}
or briefly {an} .
 TYPES OF SEQUENCE

1 2 3

Convergent Divergent Oscillating

Sequence Sequence Sequence
  Divergent Sequence
 Oscillatory Sequence
 Convergent Sequence
A Sequence {an} is A Sequence {an} is
A Sequence {an} is said to be Divergent if said to be Oscillation
said to be lim(n tend to infinity) Sequence when its
Convergent if lim ( n an is not finite .i.e lim(n neither convergent nor
tend to infinity) an is infinity) = +infinty or – divergent.
finite . infinity
ILLUSTRATION :
ILLUSTRATION :
ILLUSTRATION : {an} an = n^3 is divergent as
{-1,1,-1,1….} i.e {(-1)^n
lim() an = lim() n^3 =
{1,1/3,1/3^2,….1/3^n} +infinity an=(-1)^n
an = 1/3^n is convergent {-4^n} Lim()a2n=lim()(-1)^2n = 1
since lim(n infinity) an = is divergent as lim()an = lim
lim() 1/3^n = 0
() (-4) = -infinity Lim()a2n+1=lim()(-1)^2n+1
=-1
lim()an doesn't exsist.
SERIES

If {an} is a sequence of real

numbers , then the
expression a1+a2+a3…+an+
…un to infinity is called an
infinite series and is denoted
by an(n=1 to infinity)

IMPORTANT SERIES

Geometric P-series
series

Diverges: For 0<

Diverges: For |r|≥1 p≤ 1
Converges: For |r| < Converges: For p
1 >1
 TYPES OF SERIES

1 2 3

Convergent Divergent Oscillatory

Series Series Series
 Convergent  Oscillatory
Series series :
A series an of real  DIVERGENCE SERIES : A series an of real
number is said to be number is said to
convergent and oscillatory if the
converges to a if the A series an of real number sequence {sn} is
sequence {sn} is is said to be divergent and oscillatory where sn =
convergent and lim sn=a diverges to a if the a1 + a2 + a3 …. + an
where sn=a1+a2+a3…. ILLUSTRATION :
ILLUSTRATION : sequence {sn} is
+an for n =1,2,3… divergent and lim sn=a
1-1+1-1+1….. Infinity =
1/1.2 + ½.3 + 1/3.4 + infinite where sn=a1+a2+a3….
summation of (-1)^(n-1)
+an for n =1,2,3…
an=(-1)^(n-1)
an = 1/(n(n+1)) = 1/n – Sn = a1 + a2 +…an = 1-1+1-
1/(n+1) ILLUSTRATION : 1…..to n terms
a1=1-1/2 , a2=1/2 – 1/3 =0 or 1 (according to even or
…….. , an = 1/n – 1/(n+1) 1^2 + 2^2 = 3^2 +… + n^2+…… odd)
Sn = a1 + a2 + ….+ an an = n^2
sn = 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2+…n^2 = So the sequence is {1,0,1,0,1,
Lim (sn = lim() (1-1/(n+1)) = 1- n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 …..}
0=1 Lim()sn = lim() n(n+1)(2n+1)/6 So the series is also oscillatory
= infinity
 TEST OF CONVERGENCE :  CAUCHY’S ROOT TEST :

 D’ALEMBERTS’S RATIO TEST : Let an be a series of positive

numbers such that lim() an
Let an be a series of positive numbers ^(1/n) exists finitely and let
such that lim()( an+1/an) exist finitely and lim () an^1/n = l . Then the
let lim()( an+1/an) = l an is convergent if l series an is convergent if l <1
< 1 and divergent if l > 1. and divergent if l> 1

1^2/2 + 2^2/2 + 3^2/2^3 + 4^2/2^4+….

an = n^2/2^n , an+1 = (n+1)^2/2^(n+1)
So an+1/ an = (n+1)^2/2^(n+1) . 2^n/n^2 EXAMPLE :
= ½(1+1/2) ^2
Lim () an+1/ an = ½ <1 1.(n^1/n -1 )^n
Hence an = n^2/2^n is convergent an=(n^1/n - 1)^n
Lim (an)^1/n = lim()(n^1/n –
1 ) = 1-1 = 0 < 1
(n^1/n -1 )^n is convergent

∑ n^n/n!
an= n^n/n! and an+! = (n+1)^(n+1)/(n+1)!
Lim() an+1/an= lim() (n+1)^(n+1)/(n+1)! . n/n!
= lim () (n+1)^n/n^n = lim (1+1/n)^n = e>1
[since2<e<3]
an is divergent
THANK YOU