Chapter 3 : CPU Scheduling

 Basic Concepts
 Scheduling Criteria
 Scheduling Algorithms

Operating System Concepts 6.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Basic Concepts

 Maximum CPU utilization obtained with

multiprogramming
 CPU–I/O Burst Cycle – Process execution consists of a
cycle of CPU execution and I/O wait.
 CPU burst distribution

Operating System Concepts 6.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Alternating Sequence of CPU And I/O Bursts

Operating System Concepts 6.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 CPU Scheduler

 Selects from among the processes in memory that are

ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them.
 Preemptive scheduling
 Non-preemptive scheduling

Operating System Concepts 6.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Dispatcher

 Dispatcher module gives control of the CPU to the

process selected by the short-term scheduler
 Dispatch latency – time it takes for the dispatcher to stop
one process and start another running.

Operating System Concepts 6.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Scheduling Criteria

 CPU utilization – keep the CPU as busy as possible

 Throughput – # of processes that complete their
execution per time unit
 Turnaround time – amount of time to execute a particular
process
 Waiting time – amount of time a process has been
waiting in the ready queue
 Response time – amount of time it takes from when a
request was submitted until the first response is
produced, not output (for time-sharing environment)

Operating System Concepts 6.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Optimization Criteria

 Max CPU utilization

 Max throughput
 Min turnaround time
 Min waiting time
 Min response time

Operating System Concepts 6.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 First-Come, First-Served (FCFS) Scheduling

Process Burst Time

P1 24
P2 3
P3 3
 Suppose that the processes arrive in the order: P1 , P2 , P3
The Gantt Chart for the schedule is:

P1 P2 P3

0 24 27 30
 Waiting time for P1 = 0; P2 = 24; P3 = 27
 Average waiting time: (0 + 24 + 27)/3 = 17

Operating System Concepts 6.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 FCFS Scheduling (Cont.)

Suppose that the processes arrive in the order

P2 , P3 , P1 .
 The Gantt chart for the schedule is:

P2 P3 P1

0 3 6 30

 Waiting time for P1 = 6; P2 = 0; P3 = 3

 Average waiting time: (6 + 0 + 3)/3 = 3
 Much better than previous case.
 Convoy effect short process behind long process

Operating System Concepts 6.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Shortest-Job-First (SJF) Scheduling

 Associate with each process the length of its next CPU

burst. Use these lengths to schedule the process with
the shortest time.
 Two schemes:
 nonpreemptive – once CPU given to the process it cannot
be preempted until completes its CPU burst.
 preemptive – if a new process arrives with CPU burst length
less than remaining time of current executing process,
preempt. This scheme is know as the
Shortest-Remaining-Time-First (SRTF).
 SJF is optimal – gives minimum average waiting time for
a given set of processes.

Operating System Concepts 6.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Example of Non-Preemptive SJF

Process Arrival Time Burst Time

P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
 SJF (non-preemptive)
P1 P3 P2 P4

0 3 7 8 12 16

 Average waiting time = (0 + 6 + 3 + 7)/4 = 4

Operating System Concepts 6.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Example of Preemptive SJF

Process Arrival Time Burst Time

P1 0.0 7
P2 2.0 4
P3 4.0 1
P4 5.0 4
 SJF (preemptive)

P1 P2 P3 P2 P4 P1

0 2 4 5 7 11 16

 Average waiting time = (9 + 1 + 0 +2)/4 - 3

Operating System Concepts 6.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Priority Scheduling

 A priority number (integer) is associated with each

process
 The CPU is allocated to the process with the highest
priority (smallest integer  highest priority).
 Preemptive
 nonpreemptive
 SJF is a priority scheduling where priority is the predicted
next CPU burst time.
 Problem  Starvation – low priority processes may never
execute.
 Solution  Aging – as time progresses increase the
priority of the process.

Operating System Concepts 6.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Highest Response Ratio Next (HRRN)

 “Highest Response Ratio Next”

 RR = “Response Ratio” = (w + s) / s
 w = time waiting for processor
 s = expected service time
 The Ready queue is ordered by RR values
 Prevents starvation
 Short jobs favored
 Service time still needs to be estimated

Operating System Concepts 6.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Round Robin (RR)

 Each process gets a small unit of CPU time (time

quantum), usually 10-100 milliseconds. After this time
has elapsed, the process is preempted and added to the
end of the ready queue.
 Performance
 q large  FIFO
 q small  q must be large with respect to context switch,
otherwise overhead is too high.

Operating System Concepts 6.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Example of RR with Time Quantum = 20

Process Burst Time

P1 53
P2 17
P3 68
P4 24
 The Gantt chart is:

P1 P2 P3 P4 P1 P3 P4 P1 P3 P3

0 20 37 57 77 97 117 121 134 154 162

 Typically, higher average turnaround than SJF, but better response.

Operating System Concepts 6.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 Time Quantum and Context Switch Time

Operating System Concepts 6.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002

 End of Chapter 3

Operating System Concepts 6.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2002