Chapter 3 Hardware
Chapter 3 Hardware
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Hardware
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Early Computing
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Electronic Computers
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Categories of Computer Systems
Classes by size
Micro Computers
Size
Mini Computers Power consumption
Processing power and
Mainframe Computers Cost increases from
micro to super computers
Super Computers
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Microcomputer Systems
Workstations
• Supports have mathematical computer and graphics display demands
• CAD, investment and portfolio analysis
Network Servers
• More powerful than workstations
• Coordinates telecommunications and resource sharing
• Supports small networks and Internet or intranet websites
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Corporate PC Criteria
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Information Appliances
Hand-held microcomputer devices
Known as personal digital assistants (PDAs)
• Web-enabled PDAs use touch screens, handwriting recognition,
or keypads
• Mobile workers use to access email or the Web, exchange data
with desktop PCs or servers
• Latest entrant is the BlackBerry
PDAs include
• Video-game consoles
• Cellular and PCS phones
• Telephone-based home email appliances
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Mini (Midrange Systems)
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Mainframe Computer Systems
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Supercomputer Systems
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Computer System Concept
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Computer System Concept
• Output
• Video display units, printers, audio response units,
and so on
• Converts electronic information into human-intelligible
form
• Storage
• Primary storage (memory)
• Secondary storage (disk drives)
• Control
• CPU controls other components of the system
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Computer Systems Components
Computer Systems
Hardware Software
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Touch Pad Hard Disk
Secondary Flash Disk
Computer Hardware Components
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Computer System Concept
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Computer Processing Speeds
Early computers
• Milliseconds (thousandths of a second)
• Microseconds (millionths of a second)
Current computers
• Nanoseconds (billionth of a second)
• Picoseconds (trillionth of a second)
Program instruction processing speeds
• Megahertz (millions of cycles per second)
• Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)
• Commonly called the “clock speed”
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Computer Processing Speeds
Throughput
• The ability to perform useful computation or data processing assignments
during a given period
Speed is dependent on…
• Size of circuitry paths (buses) that interconnect microprocessor components
• Capacity of instruction processing registers
• Use of high-speed cache memory
• Use of specialized microprocessor, such as math coprocessor
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Moore’s Law
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Peripherals
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Input Technologies
Touchpad
• Small, rectangular, touch-sensitive surface
• Usually on keyboard
• Cursor moves in direction your finger moves
Touch Screen
Use computer by touching screen Screen emits a grid of
infrared beams, sound waves, or electric current
Grid is broken when screen is touched
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Pen-Based Computing
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Speech Recognition Systems
Speech be the future of data entry
• Easiest, most natural means of human communication
Recognizing speech patterns
• Discrete required pauses between each word
• Continuous speech recognition software (CSR) recognized continuous,
conversationally paced speech
Speech recognition systems digitize, analyze, and classify speech and sound patterns
• Compares to a database of sound patterns in its vocabulary
• Passes recognized words to the application software
• Typically requires voice recognition training
Speaker-independent voice recognition systems
• Allows computer to recognize words from a voice it has never heard before
• Typically used in voice-messaging computers
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Optical Scanning
Devices read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for a computers
• Enables direct entry of data from source documents
A document management library system
• Scans documents, then organizes and stores them for easy reference or
retrieval
Scanners
• Compact desktop models are popular for low cost and ease of use
• Larger, more expensive flatbed scanners are faster and provide high-resolution
color scanning
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
• Software that reads characters and codes
• Used to real merchandise tags, sort mail, score tests
• Optical scanning wands read bar codes
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Other Input Technologies
Magnetic Stripe
• Reads the magnetic stripe on credit cards
Smart Cards
• Microprocessor chip and memory on credit card
• Use more in Europe than in the U.S.
Digital Cameras
• Allows you to shoot, store, and download photos or full-motion video with audio into the
PC
• Images and audio can then be edited or enhanced
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
• Used by banks to magnetically read checks and deposit slips
• Requires an iron oxide-based ink
• Reader-sorter equipment magnetizes the ink, then passes it under a reading head to
sense the signal
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Output Technologies
Video Displays
• Cathode-ray tube (CRT)
• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
• Active matrix and dual scan
• Plasma displays
• Used in large TVs and flat-panel monitors
Printed Output
• Inkjet printers spray ink on a page
• Laser printers use an electrostatic process similar to a photocopying machine
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Storage Tradeoffs
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Computer Storage Fundamentals
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Bit and Byte
Bit
• Short for binary digit
• Smallest element of data
• Either zero or one
Byte
• Group of eight bits, which operate as a single unit
• Represents one character or number
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Storage Capacity Measurement
Byte (B)
Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes
Megabyte (MB): one million bytes
Gigabyte (GB): one billions bytes
Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes
Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes
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Direct and Sequential Access
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Semiconductor Memory
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Types of Semiconductor Memory
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Flash Drives
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Magnetic Disks
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Magnetic Tape
Secondary storage
• Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges
• Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies
• Archival and backup storage
• Lower-cost storage solution
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Uses of Optical Disks
Image processing
• Long-term storage of historical image files
• Storage of scanned documents
Publishing medium
• Allows fast access to reference materials
• Catalogs, directories, and so on
Interactive multimedia applications
• Video games, educational videos, and so
on
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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
RFID
• Scans from greater distance
• Can store data
• Allows more information to be tracked
Privacy concerns
• Invisible nature of the system
• Capacity to transmit fairly sophisticated messages
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Thank You