RANDOM VARIABLES

AND
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
QUARTER III -
 STATISTICS
• Is the Science of collecting,
organizing, presenting, analyzing
and interpreting data to help in
making more effective decisions.
 Population
• is the entirety of the group
including all the members that
forms a set of data.
 SAMPLE
• Contains a few members of the
population. Samples were taken to
represent the characteristics or
traits of the population..
2 types of statistics
• Descriptive Statistics- used to say something or
describe a set of information collected.
• It can also be represented with graphs..
• Common tools: Measures of Central Tendency,
(Getting the middle value that describes to our data
set)
• Measure of Variability ( spread of Data)
2 types of statistics
• Inferential Statistics- use to say something about
larger group (population) using information collected
from a small part of that population (sample)
• Common Tool:
• Hypothesis Testing
• Regression Analysis
 STATISTICS
• Is the Science of collecting, organizing, presenting,
analyzing and interpreting data to help in making
more effective decisions.
 STATISTICS
• Is the Science of collecting, organizing, presenting,
analyzing and interpreting data to help in making
more effective decisions.
 RANDOM VARIABLE
• A random variable is a result of chance event, that
you can measure or count.
• (Outcome of an experiment./ if there is chance, there is
probability)

• Is a numerical amount that is derived from the results of an

arbitrary trial or experiment

Note: We use capital letters to represent a random

variable.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
RANDOM VARIABLE
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
• The one that can only take a finite (countable)
number of distinct values.
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
• Can assume an infinite number of values in an
interval between two specific values.
 RANDOM VARIABLES
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE
A random variable whose values It is a random variable that takes
represented by a count data. values on a continuous scale. This
This happens when a set of happens when the set of possible
possible outcomes from an outcomes from an experiment
experiment can be counted such cannot be counted but can be
as the number of household in measured such as height of Grade
barangay, thus making the 11 students. Continuous random
values of a random variable variables represent measured data
countable just like whole like height, weight, and
numbers 0,1,2,3,... temperature.
RANDOM VARIABLES
DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABL

• Number of planets around • Number of stars in the space

the Sun
• Number of students in a class • Height or weight of the
students in a particular class
• Number of pages in a book • Length and width of a book
• Number of items in a test • Time to finish a test
• Number of children in a • Amount of sugar in a coffee
family
ACTIVITY 1:
Classify the following random variable as Discrete or
Continuous. Number of pencils in a
1 The volume of a 6 box
prism.
The number of students
2 Speed of a train 7 with Academic Excellence

The number of gifts The area of lots in an

3 received. 8 exclusive subdivision

The number of The number of countries

4 students who joined 9 ever visited
the trip.
Voltage of car
5 batteries 10 Weight in pounds
 VALUES OF A RANDOM
VARIABLE
To determine the values of the random
variable,
1. List the sample space of the experiment.
2.Count the number of the random variable in
each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome.
3.Draw a conclusion.
Suppose two coins are tossed and we are interested to
determine the number of tails that will come out. Let us
use T to represent the number of tails that will come
out. Determine the values of the random variable T.
Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement
from an urn containing 5 orange balls and 6 violet
balls. Let V be the random variable representing the
number of violet balls. Find the values of the random
variable V.
 A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be the random
variable representing the sum of the number
of dots on the top faces. Find the values of
the random variable X.

To determine the values of the random

variable,
1. List the sample space of the experiment.
2.Count the number of the random variable in
each outcome and assign this number to this
outcome.
3.Draw a conclusion.
 Suppose three test kits are tested at random. Let D
represent the defective test kit and let N represent
the non-defective test kit. If we let X be the random
variable for the number of defective test kits,
construct the probability distribution of the random
variable X.
Determine the values of the random variable.
1. List the sample space of the experiment.
2. Count the number of the random variable in each outcome
and assign this number to this outcome.
3. Draw a conclusion.
 PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION OF A
RANDOM VARIABLE
QUARTER III -
 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
PROBABILITY- Is simply how likely something is to happen.
(Certainty and uncertainty) /Chances

Example: Weather Forecast (Chances of raining)

may not happen
CHANCE
PROBABILITY
(event/situation) may happen
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

•Probability of an Event
P(e)= Number of outcome
Sample Space
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
What is the probability of getting a
number less than 5 in a roll of a die?
P(number less than 5)= Number of outcome
=4 =2
Sample Space 6 3

P(number less than 5)= 2

3
 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
A coin is tossed 4 times (Be the number of heads)
SAMPLE SPACE NUMBER OF HEADS SAMPLE SPACE NUMBER OF HEADS
TTTT O THHH 3
HTTT 1 HTHH 3
THTT 1 HHTH 3
TTHT 1 HHHT 3
TTTH 1 THHT 2
HHTT 2 THTH 2
HTHT 2 TTHH 2
HTTH 2 HHHH 4
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Number of 0 1 2 3 4
Heaads
Sample Points TTTT HTTT HHTT THHH HHHH
THTT HTHT HTHH
TTHT HTTH HHTH
TTTH THHT HHHT
THTH
TTHH

Number of 1 4 6 4 1
occurrences
Probability 1/16 4/16 OR 1/4 6/16 OR 3/8 1/4 1/16
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Number of 0 1 2 3 4
Heaads
Sample Points TTTT HTTT HHTT THHH HHHH
THTT HTHT HTHH
TTHT HTTH HHTH
TTTH THHT HHHT
THTH
TTHH

Number of 1 4 6 4 1
occurrences
Probability 1/16 4/16 OR 1/4 6/16 OR 3/8 1/4 1/16
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
• THE set of all possible values of random variable X, together
with the corresponding associated probabilities

Number of 0 1 2 3 4
Heaads
Probability 1/16 4/16 OR 6/16 OR 1/4 1/16
1/4 3/8
 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
Let X be the random variable for DEFECTIVE COMPUTERS. Then,
illustrate the Probability distribution of the random Variable X.
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES VALUE OF RANDOM
In a computer Laboratory, the teacher VARIABLE
wants to find out if there is a defective NNN 0
computer. Supposed Three computers DNN 1
were tested at a random, she asks one NDN 1
of the Computer Systems Servicing NND 1
student to list all possible outcomes DDN 2
such that D represents the defective DND 2
computers and N represents the on NDD 2
defective computer. DDD 3

X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
 PROPERTIES OF
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
OF DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLE
1. The Probability must be between or equal to 0 (IMPOSSIBLE TO
HAPPEN) and 1 (SURE TO HAPPEN.
2. 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1. and it is PROPER FRACTION.
3. The sum of all possibilities of all values of the random variable must
be equal to 1.
( ∑p(X)=1 )
X 0 1 2 3
P(X) 1/8 or 0.125 3/8 or 0.375 3/8 or 0.375 1/8 or 0.125

No. of Heads 0 1 2 3 4
Probability 1/16 1/4 3/8 1/4 1/16
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
If X is a discrete random variable, the
probability distribution is called a Probability
Mass Function of PMF. The PMF may be
expressed in tabular or graphical form.
Properties of a Probability Distribution

2.
0 ≤ 𝑃 ( 𝑋 ) ≤ 1
 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION OR NOT?

0 ≤ 𝑃 ( 𝑋 ) ≤ 1
DISCRETE PROBABILITY
1 1 1 1
+ + + + =1
6 6 6
DISTRIBUTION
6

∑ 𝑃 ( 𝑋 )=1
 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION OR NOT?
NOT

0 ≤ 𝑃 ( 𝑋 ) ≤ 1
0.05 +0.25 + 0.33 + 0.25 +0.08 = 0.96 ≠ 1

×
 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION OR NOT?

0 ≤ 𝑃 ( 𝑋 ) ≤ 1
DISCRETE PROBABILITY
2 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.2 =1
DISTRIBUTION
∑ 𝑃 ( 𝑋 )=1
 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION OR NOT?

× NOT A DISCRETE PROBABILITY

DISTRIBUTION
 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION OR NOT?
Determine whether the table shows a discrete probability
distribution. If it is not, identify the property or properties that
are not satisfied.