Random Sampling,

Parameter and
Statistic, and
Sampling Distribution
of Statistics
Random
Random sampling is a selection of n elements
Sampling
derived from the N population, which is the
subject of an investigation or experiment,
where each point of the sample has an equal
chance of being selected using the
appropriate sampling technique.
Random
Random sampling is a selection of n elements
Sampling
derived from the N population, which is the
subject of an investigation or experiment,
where each point of the sample has an equal
chance of being selected using the
appropriate sampling technique.
 POpulation vs. sample
The population refers to the whole group
under study or investigation. In research, the
population does not always refer to people. It
may mean a group containing elements of
anything you want to study, such as objects,
events, organizations, countries, species,
organisms, etc.
 POpulation vs. sample
A sample is a subset taken from a population,
either by random sampling or by non-random
sampling. A sample is a representation of the
population where it is hoped that valid
conclusions will be drawn from the
population.
POpulation vs. sample
 Types of Random
Sampling Techniques
1.Simple Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is a sampling
technique in which each member of the
population has an equal chance of being
selected. An instance of this is when members
of the population have their names represented
by small pieces of paper that are then
randomly mixed together and picked out. In the
sample, the members selected will be included.
2. Systematic Sampling
Systematic sampling is a sampling technique in
which members of the population are listed and
samples are selected at intervals called sample
intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the list
will be selected from a randomly selected starting
point.
EXAMPLE
Systematic Sampling
Consider a population of 1000 individuals, and a
researcher wants a sample of 100. Using systematic
sampling, the researcher could select every 10th
individual from a list after randomly choosing a
starting point. If the random starting point is the 5th
individual, the sample would include the 5th, 15th,
25th, and so on until reaching the 100th individual.
3. Stratified Sampling
Stratified random sampling is a sampling procedure in which
members of the population are grouped on the basis of their
homogeneity. This technique is used when there are a
number of distinct subgroups in the population within which
full representation is required. The sample is constructed by
classifying the population into subpopulations or strata on
the basis of certain characteristics of the population, such as
age, gender or socio-economic status. The selection of
elements is then done separately from within each stratum,
usually by random or systematic sampling methods.
EXAMPLE
Stratified
Using stratified random sampling, select a sample of 400
Sampling
students from the population which are grouped according
to the cities they come from. The table shows the number
of students per city.
SOLUTION
Stratified Sampling
To determine the number of students to be taken as sample
from each city, we divide the number of students per city
by total population (N= 28,000) multiply the result by the
total sample size (n= 400).
4. cluster sampling
Cluster sampling is sometimes referred to as area
sampling and applied on a geographical basis.
Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels
before going down to lower levels. For example,
samples are taken randomly from the provinces first,
followed by cities, municipalities or barangays, and
then from households.
5. multi-stage Sampling
Multi-stage sampling uses a combination of
different sampling techniques. For example,
when selecting respondents for a national
election survey, we can use the lottery method
first for regions and cities. We can then use
stratified sampling to determine the number of
respondents from selected areas and clusters.
Identify the type of sampling method
All the names of the employees of the company are put in a
raffle box. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
The teacher gets the class record and call every 4th name in
the list. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
There are 20 toddlers, 40 teenagers, 45 middle aged and 55
senior citizens in a certain area. Samples are taken according
to the total number of people in the area.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
The teacher writes all the names of students in a piece of
paper and puts it in a box for the graded recitation.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
Every five files out of 500 files will be chosen.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Parameter
and
Statistic
PARAmeter
A parameter is a descriptive population
measure. It is a measure of the
characteristics of the entire population (a
mass of all the units under consideration
that share common characteristics) based
on all the elements within that population.
EXAMPLE

PARAmeter
1. All people living in one city, all-male
teenagers worldwide, all elements in a
shopping cart, and all students in a
classroom
2.The researcher interviewed all the
students of a school for their favorite
apparel brand.
statistic
Statistic is the number that describes the
sample. It can be calculated and observed
directly. The statistic is a characteristic of a
population or sample group. You will get the
sample statistic when you collect the sample
and calculate the standard deviation and the
mean. You can use sample statistic to draw
certain conclusions about the entire
population.
EXAMPLE
statistic
1. Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree
with the latest health care proposal.
Researchers can’t ask hundreds of millions of
people if they agree, so they take samples or
part of the population and calculate the rest.
2.Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19
survivors.
 Sampling
Distribution of the
Sample Means