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Chapter 2 HTML

Chapter Two discusses the basics of HTML tags, explaining that HTML is the markup language used for creating web pages with elements defined by tags. It covers the structure of an HTML document, including the <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> tags, as well as attributes that provide additional information about these tags. The chapter also introduces hyperlinks and their components, such as the <a> tag and href attribute, essential for navigation within and between web pages.

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2 views

Chapter 2 HTML

Chapter Two discusses the basics of HTML tags, explaining that HTML is the markup language used for creating web pages with elements defined by tags. It covers the structure of an HTML document, including the <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> tags, as well as attributes that provide additional information about these tags. The chapter also introduces hyperlinks and their components, such as the <a> tag and href attribute, essential for navigation within and between web pages.

Uploaded by

addishiwothabtie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 157

CHAPTER TWO

HTML TAGS
1.Basic HTML Tags
1.1 HTML: Hypertext Markup Language
 HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language.

 It is the markup language used for creating web pages.

 A markup language is a set of markup tags, and HTML

uses markup tags to describe web pages.

 HTML is written in the form of HTML


elements consisting of HTML tags surrounded by angle
brackets (e.g. <html>).
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>.
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is
the end tag
 You can also refer to them as opening tags and closing
tags.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 HTML elements form the building blocks of all websites.
 HTML allows images and objects to be embedded and
can be used to create interactive forms.
 It provides a means to create structured documents by
denoting structural semantics for text such as headings,
paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items.

 It can embed scripts in languages such


as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML
webpage.
 HTML can also be used to include Cascading Style
Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of
text.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 Software is required to interpret HTML tags and
display the information.
 The software is web browser.
 The purpose of a web browser is to read HTML
documents and display them as web pages.
 The browser does not display the HTML tags, but
uses the tags to interpret the content of the page

 HTML document is created using a simple text


editor like notepad, gedit or any other text editor.
 However, WSIWYG editors like Dreamweaver are
much better
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is the
organization that develops guidelines and
specifications for many web technologies
including HTML.
 The W3C website is found at www.w3.org.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
1.2 HTML, HEAD, TITILE and BODY Tags
 The entire web page document is contained

within an <html> tag.


 The <html> tag is called the root element

because it contains all the elements in the


document, and it cannot not be contained within
any other element.
 Every web page starts with <html> tag and ends

with </html>.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 Let us first see how a plain html code
looks like.
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title here </title>
</head>
<body>
Our body content here
</body>
</html>
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 The total code is divided into two parts and both
the parts are kept inside <html> tag.
 Our page should start with <html> and end with
</html>.
 The first part inside this html tags is the head
and it starts with <head> and ends with
</head>.
 The second part starts with <body> and ends
with </body> tag.
 Inside the <body> tag we keep all our content
which we want to display to our web page users.
 Whatever we place in <body> will be displayed
by the browser to the web users.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
1.Basic HTML Tags…
<HEAD> </HEAD>
 The web page should have only one head tag.
 The head tag starts with <head> and ends with </head>.
 The text or tags that are inside the head tag will not be
displayed in the browser window.
 One of the important tags which is put inside <head> is
<title> </title> tag.

 Title tags are used to give title to the browser window.


 Title tags are also important for our search engine point of
view.
 We should keep most important keywords inside the title
tag.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
Example:
<html>
<head>
<title> Nuclear Energy </title>
</head>
<body>
Nuclear energy is one of the clean
environment friendly energy source.
</body>
</html>
1.Basic HTML Tags…

 It is also possible to put JavaScript code and


Cascading Style Sheets in head section.
 If we are adding any JavaScript code here then
that will be loaded when the browser opens the
page.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
<BODY> </BODY>
 This is where we place our content for our
visitors.
 What we place here will be displayed to our
visitors.
 The style and other formatting of the text and
what you could do to fill the content of the web
page will discuss in different sections.
 A <body> element may contain anything from a
couple of paragraphs under a heading to more
complicated layouts containing forms and tables.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
The <title> Element
 You should specify a title for every page that you write

inside the <title> element.


 This element is a child of the <head> element.

 It is used in several ways:


 It displays at the very top of a browser window.
 It is used as the default name for a bookmark in browsers.
 Its is used by search engines that use its content to help
index pages.
 Example: Here is the example of using title tag.
<head>
<title>HTML Basic tags</title>
</head>
1.Basic HTML Tags…
HTML Tag Attributes
 Attributes provide additional information about HTML tags.

 HTML tags can have attributes

 Attributes provide additional information about a tag

 Attributes are always specified in the start tag

 Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value“

 The syntax for attributes is as follows:


<element attribute-name="value"> Content </element>
 or for empty elements:
<element attribute-name="value" />

 Example: the background color of HTML document can be


changed using “bgcolor” attribute of the <body> tag.
<body bgcolor=”green”>
1.Basic HTML Tags…
<html> attribute
Setting HTML Language
 The HTML lang attribute can be used to declare the
language of a Web page or a portion of a Web page.
 This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.

 According to the W3C recommendation you should


declare the primary language for each Web page with
the lang attribute inside the <html> tag, like this:
… <html lang="en">

</html>
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 ISO 639-1 defines abbreviations for languages.
 In HTML, they can be used in the lang attributes.
Language ISO Code
Chinese zh
English en
French fr
German de
Russian ru
Local language
Afar aa
Amharic am
Afan Oromo om
Somali so
Tigrinya ti
1.Basic HTML Tags…
<html lang=“om">
<head>
<title>Setting Language</title>
</head>
<body>
This web page in Afan Oromo
</body>
</html>
1.Basic HTML Tags…
<body> Attributes
Background Color
 You can change background color of your web
page by using <BODY> tag attribute bgcolor
<body bgcolor=”green”>

 Color can be specified using color name or RGB


value.
 The following also sets background color to green:
<body bgcolor=”#00FF00”>
1.Basic HTML Tags…
Background Image
 We can use a background picture for web page instead of
background color.
 You must have an image to do this.
 Then you can use background attribute of <BODY> tag
as follows:
<BODY BACKGROUND="image1.gif">

Text Color
 We can also set the text color of the web page just like

background color.
 We use text attribute of <BODY> to do this.

<body bgcolor=”yellow” text="red">


1.Basic HTML Tags…
 Example:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Page with Back Color</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgcolor="yellow" text="#FF0000">
Page with yellow back color and red text color
</BODY>
</HTML>
1.Basic HTML Tags…

Fig Back and text colors of body


1.Basic HTML Tags…
Other <body> attributes
 alink: Sets the color for active links or selected links.

 link: Sets a color for link text.

 vlink: Sets a color for visited links - that is, for linked text

that you have already clicked on.

<html>
<head>
<title> Link Colors </title>
</head>
<body alink="#00A000“ link="#00FF00" vlink="#0000FF">
<a href="first.html">first page</a><br>
<a href="first1.html"> second page</a><br>
</body>
</html>
1.Basic HTML Tags…
Meta Tag
 The <meta> tag provides metadata about the HTML document.
 Metadata is data (information) about data.
 Metadata will not be displayed on the page, but will be machine
parsable.
 Meta elements are used to specify page description, keywords,
author of the document, last modified, and other metadata.
 The metadata can be used by browsers (how to display content
or reload page), search engines (keywords), or other web
services.

 <meta> tags always goes inside the <head> element.


 Metadata is always passed as name/value pairs.
 The content attribute must be defined if the name or the http-
equiv attribute is defined.
 if none of these are defined, the content attribute cannot be
1.Basic HTML Tags…
Attribute Value Description
http-equiv content-type Provides an HTTP header for the
information/value of the content attribute
default-style
refresh
name application-name Specifies a name for the metadata
author

description
generator
keywords
content text Gives the value associated with the http-equiv
or name attribute
1.Basic HTML Tags…
The keywords attribute
 Keywords meta tag defines keywords for search

engines.
 It was a critical element for early search engines

to index the page.


 Today, search engines no longer depend on

keywords meta tag to index the page.

 The structure is as follows:


<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS,
XML, XHTML, JavaScript">
1.Basic HTML Tags…
The description attribute
 The description attribute provides a concise

explanation of a Web page's content.


 The description attribute is supported by most

major search engines, like Yahoo! and Bing, while


Google will fall back on this tag when information
about the page itself is requested.

 The structure is as follows:


<meta name="description" content="Free Web
tutorials on HTML, CSS, XML and JavaScript">
1.Basic HTML Tags…
The robots attribute
 The robots tag is still one of the most important tags.
 The robots meta tag lets you specify that a particular
page should not be indexed by a search engine or if
you do or do not want links on the page to be followed.

< meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">


 This means “Do not Index this page, do not follow the
links on the page.”
 Your page will drop out of the search index and your
links to other pages will not be followed.
 This tag is most often used when a site is in
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 Other values are:
<meta name="robots" content="index, nofollow">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex, follow">
<meta name="robots" content="index, follow">

The refresh attribute


 We can tell the web page to refresh itself every given
seconds.
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="30">

 We can tell the page to redirect/refresh within the given


seconds.
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="x_seconds;
url=http://www.yourhost.com/pagetosendto.html">
1.Basic HTML Tags…
The content-type attribute
 The content-type attribute specifies the default charset for plain

text using meta:


<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;
charset=UTF-8" >

The expires attribute


 The expires attribute specifies when the content should be

refreshed from the webserver:


<meta http-equiv="Expires" content="Tue, 20 Aug 1996 14:25:27
GMT “>
 This will result in the HTTP header:

 Expires: Tue, 20 Aug 1996 14:25:27 GMT

 This can be used by caches to determine when to fetch a fresh

copy of the associated document.


1.Basic HTML Tags…
The author attribute
 The author attribute defines the author of the

page. The structure is:


<meta name="author" content="John Li">
1.Basic HTML Tags…
Creating Links
 A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or

image that you can click on to jump to a new


document or a new section within the current
document.
 Web pages can contain links that take you directly

to other pages or specific parts of the given page.


 These links are known as hyperlinks.

 Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web


sites by clicking on words, phrases, and images.
 Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or
images available on your web page.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 Links are specified in HTML using the <a> tag.
 This element is called anchor tag as well.
 Anything between the opening <a> tag and the
closing </a> tag becomes part of the link.
 The <a> tag can be used in two ways:
 To create a link to another document, by using

the href attribute


 To create a bookmark inside a document, by

using the name attribute


1.Basic HTML Tags…
The href Attribute:
 A link in HTML is always composed of two parts, the clickable part

(the link text) and the URL (the destination site, page or resource).
 The URL is specified using href attribute.

 Here is an example:

<a href=” http://mail.yahoo.com”> Yahoo mail</a>

The target attribute


 It is used to specify where to display the contents of a selected

hyperlink. If set to:


 _blank then a new window will be opened to display the loaded

page
 _top or _parent then same window will be used to display the

loaded document.
 _self then loads the new page in current window. By default its

_self.
1.Basic HTML Tags…
 Example: a link that opens on a new window
<a href="first.html" target="_blank"> First Page</a><br>

The name Attribute


 The name attribute specifies the name of the anchor.
 The name attribute is used to create a bookmark inside an
HTML document.
 Bookmarks are invisible to the reader.
 Example: A named anchor inside an HTML document:
<a name="example">Sample Examples</a>

 Then create a link to the "Sample Examples" inside the


same document:
<a href="#example">Go to Sample Example</a>
1.Basic HTML Tags…
The title attribute
 The title attribute is used to type a short description of the link.

 If you place the cursor over the link, you will see the text in the

title attribute.

 Example:
<a href="http://www.html.net/" title="Visit html.net and learn
HTML">Learn HTML </a>

The accesskey attribute:


 The accesskey attribute provides a keyboard shortcut to activate

the link.
 For example, you could make the T key an access key so that when

the user presses either the Alt or Ctrl key on his keyboard along
with the T key, the link gets activated.
 Example:

<a href="first.html" target="_blank" accesskey="m">First


1.Basic HTML Tags…
Linking to email
 It is also possible to make a link to an e-mail address.

 It is done in almost the same way as when you link to a

document.
 To link to an email, you type mailto: followed by an e-

mail address.

 Example:
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">Send an e-mail to us
</a>

 When the link is clicked, the default e-mail program opens


with a new blank message addressed to the specified e-
mail address.
 This function will only work if there is an e-mail program
2. HTML Text Formatting Tags

 There are options if one wants to create a text in HTML.


 Let’s see some of the tags than can be used to create text
information.

HTML Headings
 In HTML, you can create different heading levels in your
document to help you organize the document into
sections, just as you might do when writing a book.
 A heading element briefly describes the topic of the
section it introduces.
 Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
 <h1> defines the largest heading and <h6> the
smallest heading.
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 Heading tags are block tags, and you must
specify opening and closing tags.

 Example:
<body>
<h1>this is heading level 1.</h1>
<h2>this is heading level 2.</h2>
<h3>this is heading level 3.</h3>
<h4>this is heading level 4.</h4>
<h5>this is heading level 5.</h5>
<h6>this is heading level 6.</h6>
</body>
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
HTML Paragraphs
 Authors traditionally divide their thoughts and arguments
into sequences of paragraphs.
 Along with using headings to structure your Web page, you
can add structure by grouping common text into
paragraphs.

 Paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.


 Example:
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
 Both of the above tags will enforce a new line whenever
you write the tag.
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 The <p> element is a block element.
 It cannot contain block-level elements including <p> itself.

The align attribute


 You can use align attribute to align your paragraphs.

 Paragraphs can be aligned left, center, right or justified.

 You can do this by using align attribute.

 Align attribute can be used also with other tags like

headers, etc.

 Example:
<p align="center">This is center aligned.</p>
<p align="justify">This is jutified. This works when you
have multiple lines in your paragraph and you want to
justify all the lines so that they can look more nice.</p>
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
HTML Fonts
 The <font> tag is used to add font type, size,

and color to the text on your site.


 The font tag is has three attributes
 size,
 color, and
 face
 They are used to customize your fonts.
 To change any of the font attributes at any time
within your page, simply use the <font> tag.
 The text that follows will remain changed until
you close with the </font> tag.
 You can change any or all of the font attributes at
the one time.
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Font Size:
 You can set the size of your font with size attribute.

 The range of accepted values is from 1(smallest) to

7(largest).
 The default size of a font is 3.

 Example:
<font size="1">Font size=1</font>
<font size="2">Font size=2</font>
<font size="3">Font size=3</font>
<font size="4">Font size=4</font>
<font size="5">Font size=5</font>
<font size="6">Font size=6</font>
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Specify Relative Font Size
 You can also specify relative font sizes instead of exact font

size.
 This can be done like:

<font size="+n">
<font size="-n">
 This specifies how many sizes larger or how many sizes

smaller than the preset font size should be.

 Example:
<font size="-1">Font size="-1"</font>
<font size="+1">Font size="+1"</font>
<font size="+2">Font size="+2"</font>
<font size="+3">Font size="+3"</font>
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Font Face:
 You can set any font you like using face attribute

 But be aware that if the user viewing the page doesn't have

the font installed, they will not be able to see it.


 Instead they will default to Times New Roman of your font

with size attribute.

 Example:
<font face="Times New Roman" size="5"> Times New Roman
</font>
<font face="Verdana" size="5"> Verdana </font>
<font face="Comic sans MS" size="5"> Comic Sans MS </font>
<font face="WildWest" size="5"> WildWest </font>
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 A visitor will only be able to see your font if they
have that font installed on their computer.
 So, it is possible to specify two or more font face
alternatives by listing the font face names,
separated by a comma.

 Example:
<font face="arial, helvetica">
<font face="Lucida Calligraphy, Comic Sans MS,
Lucida Console>
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 Font Color:
 You can set any font color you like using color
attribute.
 You can specify the color that you want by either
the color name or hexadecimal code for that color.
 Check a complete list of HTML Color Name with
Codes.

Example:
<font color="#0000FF">This text blue color</font>
<font color="red">This text is red</font>
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 The <basefont> Element:
 The <basefont> element is used to set a default
font size, color, and typeface for any parts of the
document that are not otherwise contained within
a <font> element.
 You can then use the <font> elements to override
the <basefont> settings.

 The attributes that the <basefont> element takes


are exactly the same as for the <font> element.
 You can also set the size of fonts relative to the
size of the <basefont> by giving them a value of
+1 for a size larger or -2 for two sizes smaller.
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 Example:
<basefont face="arial, verdana, sans-serif" size="2"
color="#ff0000">
<p>This is the page's default font.</p>
<h2>Example of the &lt;basefont&gt; Element</h2>
<p><font size="+2" color="darkgray">Here is some
darkgray text two sizes larger</font></p>
<p><font face="courier" size="-1" color="#000000">Here
is a courier font, a size smaller, in black</font></p>
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Formatting Tags
 In HTML, there are many tags that you can use to
enhance and change the look of the text.
 You can make text bold, italicized, or underlined;
these are just some of the presentational options
available to indicate how text can appear in HTML.

Bold Text - The <b> Element:


 Anything that appears in a <b>...</b> element is
displayed in bold.
 The <b> tag makes text to be displayed in bold face.
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 Example:
<p>The use nuclear energy needs <b> safety caution
</b> because of the associated danger.</p>
 This will produce following result:
The use nuclear energy needs safety caution because of
the associated danger.

Italic Text - The <i> Element:


 Anything that appears in a <i>...</i> element is displayed

in italicized face.

 Example:
<p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i>
typeface.</p>
 This will produce following result:
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Underlined Text - The <u> Element:
 Anything that appears in a <u>...</u> element

is displayed with underline.

 Example:
<p>The following word uses a
<u>underlined</u> typeface.</p>
 This will produce following result:
The following word uses a underlined typeface.
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Centering Content - The <center> Element:
 You can use <center> tag to put any content in

the center of the page or any table cell.

Example:
<p>This is not in the center.</p>
<center> <p>This is in the center.</p>
</center>
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Strike Text - The <strike> Element:
 Anything that appears in a <strike>...</strike>

element is displayed with strikethrough, which


is a thin line through the text.

 Example
<p>The following word uses a
<strike>strikethrough</strike> typeface.</p>

 This will produce following result:


The following word uses a strikethrough
typeface.
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Create Line Breaks - The <br> Element:
 The <br> tag inserts a single line break.

 You can also use <br /> which does the same.

 Whenever you use the <br> element, anything following


it starts on a new line.
 This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do
not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to
go in between them.

 The <br /> element has a space between the characters


br and the forward slash.
 If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble
rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward
slash character and just use <br> it is not valid XHTML.
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 Example
Hello<br>
You come most carefully upon your hour.<br />
Thanks<br>
Mahnaz

 This will produce following result:


Hello
You come most carefully upon your hour.
Thanks
Mahnaz
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Preserve Formatting - The <pre> Element:
 Sometimes you want your text to follow the exact format of how

it is written in the HTML document.


 In those cases, you can use the preformatted tag (<pre>).

 The <pre> tag defines preformatted text.


 Text in a pre element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually
Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks.

 Example:
<pre>
function testFunction( int a, int b ){
int sum = a + b;
alert (sum);
return;
}
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 This produces the following output:
function testFunction( int a, int b ){
int sum = a + b;
alert (sum);
return;
}
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Horizontal Rules - The <hr> Element
 <hr> stands horizontal rules are used to visually break up

sections of a document.
 The <hr> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.

 The hr element can be used to separate content in an HTML

page.

 For example you may want to give a line between two


paragraphs as follows:
<p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p>
<hr>
<p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>

 This produces the following output:


This is paragraph one and should be on top
____________________________________________________________
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Subscript and Superscript Text:
 The <sub> tag defines subscript text.

 Subscript text appears half a character below the baseline.

Subscript text can be used for chemical formulas, like H2O.

 The <sup> tag defines superscript text.


 Superscript text appears half a character above the
baseline.
 Superscript text can be used for mathematical expressions
like x2+y or footnotes, like HTTP[1].

Example:
<p> The chemical formula for water is H<sub>2</sub>O
</p>
<p> Solve 5X<sup>2</sup>+6X+10 </p>
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Big and small Text:
 The <big> tag displays texts in big.

 The content of the <big> element is displayed

one font size larger than the rest of the text


surrounding it.

 The <small> tag renders a smaller text.


 The content of the <small> element is displayed
one font size smaller than the rest of the text
surrounding it.
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
 Example:
<html>
<head>
<title>Formatting Tags</title>
</head>
<body>
<font size="5">
<p> The chemical formula for water is H<sub>2</sub>O </p>
<p> Solve 5X<sup>2</sup>+6X+10 </p>
<p>The following word uses a <small>small</small>
typeface.</p>
<p>The following word uses a <big>big</big> typeface.</p>
</font>
</body>
</html>
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Bidirectional Text - <bdo> Tag
 bdo stands for bidirectional override.

 The <bdo> tag allows you to specify the text

direction and override the bidirectional algorithm.


 This is especially useful for languages like Hebrew

and Arabic where text is written from right to left.

Example:
<bdo dir="rtl">Here is some Hebrew text!</bdo>

 This produces the following output:


2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Tag Description
<em> Renders as emphasized text
<strong> Renders as strong (highlighted) text
<dfn> Defines a definition term
<code> Defines computer code text
<samp> Defines sample output from computer code
<kbd> Defines keyboard text
<var> Defines a variable part of a text
<cite> Defines a citation
<abbr> Defines an abbreviation
<acronym> Defines an acronym
<q> Defines a short quotation.
<blockquote> To quote a passage from another source
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
<html>
<head> <title>HTML Tags</title>
</head>
<body>
<abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> reports that
malaria epidemic is increasing. <br>
Two <acronym title="North Atlantic Treaty
Organization">NATO</acronym> troops are killed in Afghanistan. <br>
<em>Emphasized text</em> <br>
<strong>Strong text</strong> <br>
<dfn>Definition term</dfn> <br>
<code>Computer code text</code> <br>
<samp>Sample computer code text</samp> <br>
<kbd>Keyboard text</kbd> <br>
<var>Variable</var> <br>
<cite>Citation</cite> <br>
</body>
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
2. HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Special Characters
 Characters within HTML documents that are not

part of a tag are rendered as-is by the browser.


 However, some characters have special meaning

and are not directly rendered, while other


characters can't be typed into the source
document from a conventional keyboard.
 Special characters need either a special name or

a numeric character encoding for inclusion in an


HTML document.
Character Code Short name Character name
" &#34; &quot; quotation mark
' &#39; &apos; apostrophe
& &#38; &amp; ampersand
< &#60; &lt; less-than
> &#62; &gt; greater-than
&#160; &nbsp; non-breaking space
¡ &#161; &iexcl; inverted exclamation mark
¢ &#162; &cent; cent
£ &#163; &pound; pound
¤ &#164; &curren; currency
¥ &#165; &yen; yen
¦ &#166; &brvbar; broken vertical bar
§ &#167; &sect; section
¨ &#168; &uml; spacing diaeresis
© &#169; &copy; copyright
ª &#170; &ordf; feminine ordinal indicator
« &#171; &laquo; angle quotation mark (left)
¼ &#188; &frac14; fraction 1/4
½ &#189; &frac12; fraction 1/2
¾ &#190; &frac34; fraction 3/4
¿ &#191; &iquest; inverted question mark
× &#215; &times; multiplication
÷ &#247; &divide; division
¬ &#172; &not; negation
­ &#173; &shy; soft hyphen
® &#174; &reg; registered trademark
¯ &#175; &macr; spacing macron
° &#176; &deg; degree
± &#177; &plusmn; plus-or-minus
² &#178; &sup2; superscript 2
³ &#179; &sup3; superscript 3
´ &#180; &acute; spacing acute
µ &#181; &micro; micro
¶ &#182; &para; paragraph
· &#183; &middot; middle dot
¸ &#184; &cedil; spacing cedilla
¹ &#185; &sup1; superscript 1
º &#186; &ordm; masculine ordinal indicator
» &#187; &raquo; angle quotation mark (right)
¼ &#188; &frac14; fraction 1/4
½ &#189; &frac12; fraction 1/2
¾ &#190; &frac34; fraction 3/4
¿ &#191; &iquest; inverted question mark
× &#215; &times; multiplication
÷ &#247; &divide; division
2.HTML Text Formatting
Tags…
Tags and Their Attributes
 The <p>, <center>, <b>, <i>, <u>, <pre>,

<strike>, <s> tags support the following


standard attributes:
attribute value description

dir ltr Specifies the text direction for the content in an


rtl element

lang language_code Specifies a language code for the content in an


element
title text Specifies extra information about an element
HTML Comments
 Comments are piece of code which is ignored by any web
browser.
 It is good practice to comment your code, especially in
complex documents, to indicate sections of a document, and
any other notes to anyone looking at the code.
 Comments help you and others understand your code.

 HTML Comment lines are indicated by the beginning tag <!--


and ending tag --> placed at the beginning and end of every
line to be treated as a comment.
 You can comment multiple lines by the special beginning tag
<!-- and ending tag --> placed before the first line and end of
the last line to be treated as a comment.

 For example: Given line is a valid comment in HTML


<!-- This is commented out -->
Inserting Image
 Images are very important to beautify as well as
to depicts many concepts on your web page.
 It is often said that an single image is worth than
thousands of words.
 So as a Web Developer you should have clear
understanding on how to use images in your web
pages.

 In HTML, images are defined with the <img>


tag.
 The <img> tag has attributes, but not closing
tag.
 To display an image on a page, you need to use
Inserting Image…
 Syntax for inserting an image:
<img src="url" alt="Alternative Text"/>
 The alt attribute
 The required alt attribute specifies an alternate
text for an image, if the image cannot be
displayed.
 The alt attribute provides alternative information
for an image if a user for some reason cannot
view it
 This could be because of slow connection, an
error in the src attribute.
 Example:
Inserting Image…
 The width and height attributes
 To define the height and width of the image,
rather than letting the browser compute the size,
use the height and width attributes.
 The attributes:
 width: sets width of the image.
 This can have a value like 10 or 20% etc.
 height: sets height of the image.
 This can have a value like 10 or 20% etc.
 Example:
<img src=”sunset.jpg” height=”50” width=”100”>
Inserting Image…
 The border attribute
 The border attribute sets a border around the image.
 This will have a value like 1 or 2 etc.

 The align attribute


 The align attribute sets horizontal alignment of the
image and takes value either left, right or center.

 Example:
<img src="coffee.gif" alt="Highland coffee"
width="100" height="100" border="2" align="right"
title="HTML Tutorial" />
Inserting Image…
Inserting Image…
 The valign attribute
 The valign attribute sets vertical alignment of the
image and takes value either top, bottom or center.

 The hspace and vspace attributes


 hspace: sets horizontal space around the image.
 This will have a value like 10 or 20% etc.
 vspace: sets vertical space around the image.
 This will have a value like 10 or 20% etc.

 The title attribute


 The title attribute specifies a text title.
 The browser displays the title when the mouse passes
over the link.
Inserting Image…
Example:
<html>
<head>
<title>Testing HTML</title>
</head>
<body>
Just checking img tag.
<img src="coffee.png" alt="Highland coffee"
align="left" hspace="50" vspace="100">
</body>
</html>
Inserting Image…

Fig Image insertion


Image Map
 Image maps enable you to define multiple links
within a single image.
 For example, if you have a picture of African
countries, you can create links in the image that
opens each country’s picture/page for detailed
information.
 Clickable regions within image maps can be basic
shapes like rectangles and circles or complex
polygonal shapes.
Image Map…
 The following diagram is the image used in this
section to show how a basic image map is
created.
 It contains three geometric shapes that will be
turned into clickable hot-spots.
Image Map…
 The image is added to the web page in the usual way, but
with the addition of a usemap attribute, whose value must
be preceded by a hash sign (#).

 Example:
<img src="image-map-image.gif" alt=“image map“
width="398"
height="398" usemap="#shapes" />

 The value of the usemap attribute must correlate with the id


values of the associated map element.
 The name attribute is required for backward compatibility,
whereas the id attribute is mandatory.
<map id="shapes" name="shapes">
</map>
Image Map…
 To create the map used by img tag, we use the following
tags and attributes:
 <map> tag maps information for an imagemap
 name="text" - The legacy method for giving the map a name
 id="text" - The current method for giving the map a name

 <area> tag contains information for a clickable area in an


imagemap.
 The <area> element specifies the shape and the
coordinates that define the boundaries of each clickable
hotspot.
 shape="rect|circle|poly" - shape of the linked area
 coords="numbers" - pixel coordinates for the linked area
Image Map…
 The map element acts as a container for specifications
regarding the map’s active areas, which are added as
area elements.

<img src="image-map-image.gif" alt="Shapes" width="398"


height="398" usemap="#shapes" />
<map id="shapes" name="shapes">
<area shape="rect" coords="29,27,173,171"
href="square.html“ title="Access the squares page">
<area shape="circle" coords="295,175,81" href="circle.html“
title="Access the circles page" >
<area shape="poly" coords="177,231,269,369,84,369"
href="triangle.html" alt="A triangle“ title="Access the
triangles page">
</map>
Image Map…
 Suppose you want to create clickable image map of
regional states like the following:
<html>
<head>
<title>Regional States</title>
</head>
<body>
<img src="Ethiopia_regions.png" width="350" height="269" usemap="#map" />
<map name="map" id=”map”>
<area shape="poly" coords="85,30,86,16,96,17,97,18,
99,17,100,14,108,13,112,16,118,4, 122,7,125,8,
129,14,137,13,143,8,147,12,148,15,151,12,162,12,163,15,157,16,158,22,160,34,158,4
2,159,49,162,52,160,61,148,62,146,54,148,51,147,45,142,46,141,40,136,41,134,34,12
8,34,118,35,114,32,109,38,99,36,92,36,90,33,84,32,84,30" href="Tigray.html" />

<area shape="poly" coords="83,32,79,42,78,53,68,53,65,55,57,70,58,74,63,


74,69,68,74,69,76,76,81, 73,82,79,86,83,81,95,81,102,87,106,98,108,101,
112,108,114,113,118,129,111,131,105,139,106,135,114,139,121,144,122,150,120,150
,126,153,129,148,131,151,135,149,142,156,141,160,139,160,134,162,130,162,120,16
7,115,168,111,168,96,168,85,165,78,159,62,149,63,146,55,148,47,143,46,141,41,136,
40,133,34,123,35,117,34,115,32,110,38,104,38,96,36,85,32,84,32"
href="Amhara.html" />

<area shape="poly" coords="163,14,169,11,197,34,218,59,207,77,


205,92,194,92,189,100,186,115, 187, 117,181,121,180,127,177,129,175,129,166,
141,164,137,161,136,161,134,162,121,167,115,168,99,168,87,161,71,158,62,161,52,1
58,45,159,36,159,27,158,16" href="Afar.html" />


<area shape="poly" coords="56,71,52,75,51,84,50,95,48,97,43,94,36,99,35,107,
36,111,32,119,31, 128, 31,133,38,133,40,125,38,121,42,123,46, 124,48,116,50,112,
53,115,59,116,60,120,65,123,69,126,75,132,78,134,79,129,86,128,81,124,77,122,77,1
14,83,110,87,106,81,101,81,94,86,84,83,78,81,73,77,75,74,69,69,68,63,74,59,74,56,7
2" href="Benishangul.html" />
<area shape="poly" coords="32,146,37,147, 44,153,48,155,54,155,50,158,49,166, 53,170,58,172,59,
177,58,180,52,179,51,177,50,180,46,180,43,183,39,180,35,181,30,176,27,170,20,166,13,166,5,164,6,1
59,9,156,10,150,21,149,23,151,32,148,32,146" href="Gambella.html" />

<area shape="poly" coords="57,170,58,164,61,161,65,164,


69,163,69,157,72,158,72,165,78,171,86,173,
92,176,101,177,105,173,106,163,106,159,111,159,111,154,108,152,109,149,112,152,122,151,126,150,
127,154,130,149,134,150,134,159,130,166,129,171,122,177,122,183,126,179,134,179,134,181,135,187
,137,189,142,191,144,196,145,201,145,202,141,201,136,196,130,196,126,205,129,208,124,209,121,20
2,125,198,126,195,122,193,119,191,115,192,115,196,115,201,115,205,119,206,121,212,119,215,117,2
22,114,223,110,222,104,225,98,223,93,226,94,235,91,240,75,241,70,237,69,234,70,225,70,221,63,218,
59,220,57,216,52,212,50,204,50,198,50,195,44,190,41,187,35,183,40,181,44,182,49,180,51,178,56,180
,60,179,59,172,57,172,57,168" href="SNNP.html" />

<area shape="poly" coords="206,91,213,92,226,89,231,91,226,102,234,113, 239,119,244, 128, 255,


137,271,144,286,147,301,153,314,157,322,160,342,159,346,159,336,171,279,230,254,229,238,234,227
,246,214,248,207,252,191,251,183,246,180,243,181,237,190,235,192,231,201,231,194,226,191,217,19
3,212,186,203,184,198,188,195,189,189,196,200,200,203,202,202,202,197,205,192,210,192,214,178,2
10,172,210,163,214,152,214,146,216,145,218,147,222,148,225,158,227,154,228,151,231,148,229,142,
224,138,223,130,220,126,219,122,216,120,213,120,205,121,202,126,193,126,186,130,183,128,181,124
,186,117,185,110,188,99,190,94,194,92,206,91,211,91" href="Somale.html" />

<area shape="poly" coords="91,241,96,241,109,251,119,258,123,260,134,259,148, 261,154, 263,


162,256,165,251,179,245,182,245,182,238,191,234,192,231,201,231,193,224,192,216,192,212,189,206
,185,201,185,197,188,195,190,189,195,198,199,202,203,200,202,195,206,192,211,190,215,176,211,16
9,211,160,214,150,214,145,222,148,224,155,229,151,231,147,229,140,225,133,219,122,217,118,205,1
22,200,126,191,126,184,128,180,126,167,140,161,134,157,141,150,143,150,133,149,129,152,128,149,
126,150,118,145,124,141,120,136,117,136,113,138,106,130,105,128,110,113,118,105,113,100,111,96,
107,86,106,78,113,77,122,84,127,79,130,77,134,71,128,69,128,63,120,60,119,56,115,50,113,46,122,46
,125,39,122,39,129,37,132,32,133,32,147,37,147,44,153,53,155,49,164,54,171,57,172,58,165,62,161,6
6,164,68,161,68,157,72,159,72,164,76,169,84,173,89,173,96,177,102,177,107,171,106,159,110,159,11
1,154,107,151,108,149,113,152,125,150,127,153,131,151,135,150,133,161,128,172,121,179,121,183,1
26,179,130,179,134,179,135,187,142,191,145,196,145,202,143,202,134,195,129,196,126,204,128,208,
125,209,121,202,125,196,122,193,116,191,115,201,114,206,121,211,119,216,117,223,111,221,105,225
,99,224,95,224,92,229,93,235,90,240,91,241" href="Oromia.html" />
3. Tables
 Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
 A table is divided into rows with the <tr> tag
 Each row is divided into data cells with the <td>
tag.
 td stands for "table data," and holds the content
of a data cell.
 A <td> tag can contain text, links, images, lists,
forms, other tables, etc.

 Table headers
 Headers in a table are defined with the <th> tag.
 The text in a <th> element will be bold and
centered.
3. Tables…
 If you do not specify a border attribute, the table will be
displayed without borders.
 Sometimes this can be useful, but most of the time, we
want the borders to show.

 Example:
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>Header 1</th> <th>Header 2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 1, cell 1</td> <td>row 1, cell 2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row 2, cell 1</td> <td>row 2, cell 2</td>
</tr>
3. Tables…
HTML code above looks in a browser:

Header 1 Header 2
row 1, cell 1 row 1, cell 2
row 2, cell 1 row 2, cell 2

Attributes of table:
• The attributes of a table will be applied on the whole table
element which include one or more rows (<tr>), header
cells (<th>) or data cells (<td>).
Attribute Value Description
align Left Specifies the alignment of a table according to
Center surrounding text
right

bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) Specifies the background color for a table


#xxxxxx
colorname

background Image url Sets background image of the table


border pixels Specifies the width of the borders around a table
bordercolor rgb(x,x,x) Specifies the color used for the border
#xxxxxx
colorname

cellpadding pixels Specifies the space between the cell wall and the
cell content
cellspacing pixels Specifies the space between cells
width Pixels Specifies the width of a table
%
height Pixels Specifies the height of a table
%
3. Tables…
 Example:
<table border="5" bordercolor="green" bgcolor="gray">
<tr>
<th>Column 1</th>
<th>Column 2</th>
<th>Column 3</th>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Row 1 Cell 1</td>
<td bgcolor="red">Row 1 Cell 2</td><td>Row 1 Cell
3</td></tr>
<tr><td>Row 2 Cell 2</td><td>Row 2 Cell 3</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="3">Row 3 Cell 1</td></tr>
</table>
3. Tables…

 Table Cellpadding and Cellspacing:


 There are two attribiutes called cellpadding and cellspacing
which you will use to adjust the white space in your table cell.
 Cellspacing defines the width of the border, while cellpadding
represents the distance between cell borders and the content
within.
3. Tables…
 Example:
<table border="1" cellpadding="15" cellspacing="10">
<tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Salary</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Ramesh Raman</td> <td>5000</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Shabbir Hussein</td> <td>7000</td> </tr>
</table>
3. Tables…
Attributes of rows and cells:
 This attributes will be applicable only to the header cell or
the data cell if it is used with <th> or <td> tag
 It will affect the whole content of the row if it is used by the
<tr> tag.
Attribute Value Description
align left | right | center | Aligns the content in a cell
justify
bgcolor rgb(x,x,x) | #xxxxxx | Specifies a background color for a cell
Colorname

colspan number Specifies the number of columns a cell should span


rowspan number Sets the number of rows a cell should span
height Pixels | % (percent) Sets the height of a cell

width Pixels | %(percent) Specifies the width of a cell

nowrap nowrap Specifies that the content inside a cell should not wrap
valign top|middle|bottom Vertical aligns the content in a table row
3. Tables…
 Spanning rows and cells
<table border="1" cellpadding="2">
<tr>
<td>A cell</td>
<td>Another cell</td>
<td>Yet another cell!</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2">A cell that spans two rows</td>
<td colspan="2">A cell that spans two columns</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Another cell</td>
<td>The last cell</td>
</tr>
3. Tables…

 Vertical alignment of cell content


 If you set your table’s width to a small value, or if you
have a lot of content in one cell and relatively little in
an adjacent one, something else becomes apparent:
web browsers vertically align content in the middle of
cells.
3. Tables…
 You can use the valign attribute to set where the
text is displayed vertically.
 The attribute can be added to a row or cell start
tag, and set to the desired value.
3. Tables…
 Using a Header, Body, and Footer:
 Tables can be divided into three portions: a header, a body, and a
foot.
 The head and foot are rather similar to headers and footers in a word-
 processed document that remain the same for every page, while the
body is the main content of the table.

 The three elements for separating the head, body, and foot of a table
are:
 <thead> - to create a separate table header.
 <tbody> - to indicate the main body of the table.
 <tfoot> - to create a separate table footer.

 A table may contain several <tbody> elements to indicate different


pages or groups of data.
 But it is notable that <thead> and <tfoot> tags should appear before
<tbody>.
Example:
<table border="1" width="100%">
<thead>
<tr> <td colspan="4">This is the head of the table</td> </tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr> <td colspan="4">This is the foot of the table</td> </tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell
4</td> </tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr> <td>Cell 1</td> <td>Cell 2</td> <td>Cell 3</td> <td>Cell
4</td></tr>
<tr>
...more rows here containing four cells...
</tr>
</tbody>
3. Tables…
 This produces the following output:
Ordered and Unordered List

 The most common HTML lists are ordered and


unordered lists.

An ordered list: An unordered list:


1. The first list item  List item
2. The second list item  List item
3. The third list item  List item
Ordered and Unordered List…

Unordered List
 An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag.

 Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

 The list items are marked with bullets (typically small black

circles).
 The “type” attribute can be used to specifies the style of the bullet

points of the list items, its value includes disc, square and circle.

 Example:
<ul>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Orange</li>
</ul>

 How the HTML code above looks in a browser:


• Banana
• Orange
Ordered and Unordered List…

 <ul> attributes:

Attribute Value Description


compact compact Specifies that the list should render smaller than
normal
type disc Specifies the style of the bullet points of the list
square items
circle
Ordered and Unordered List…

Ordered List
 An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag.

 Each list item starts with the <li> tag.

 The list items are marked with numbers.

 Example:

Types of fruits are:


<ol>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Apple</li>
</ol>

 How the HTML code above looks in a browser:


Types of fruits are:
1. Banana
2. Orange
3. Apple
Ordered and Unordered List…

 The start attribute:


 If you want a numbered list to start at a number other than
“1,” you can use the start attribute to specify another
starting number.

 Example
<ol start="17">
<li>Highlight the text with the text tool.</li>
<li>Select the Character tab.</li>
<li>Choose a typeface from the pop-up menu.</li>
</ol>

 The resulting list items would be numbered 17, 18, and 19,
consecutively.
Ordered and Unordered List…

The <ol> attributes:

Attribute Value Description


compact compact Specifies that the list should render
smaller than normal
start number Specifies the start point for the list items
type 1 Specifies which kind of bullet points will
I be used
i
A
a
Ordered and Unordered List…

 Example:
Types of fruits are:
<ol type=”I”>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Apple</li>
</ol>

 This produces the following attribute:


Types of fruits are:
I. Banana
II. Orange
III.Apple
Ordered and Unordered List…

Nesting Lists
 One list can be put inside another to create nested list.

 Example:
<ol>
<li>Super computer</li>
<li>Mainframe computer</li>
<li>Mini computer</li>
<li>Micro computer</li>
<ul>
<li>Desktop computer</li>
<li>Laptop Computer</li>
<li>Palmtop computer</li>
</ul>
</ol>
Frames
 Frames can divide the screen into separate
windows.
 Each of these windows can contain an HTML
document.
 A file that specifies how the screen is divided into
frames is called a frameset.
 The frameset page lacks a <body> element
(although it still requires head and title elements)
and instead uses a <frameset> element, which sets
the attributes for how the frames are positioned.
 The frameset element houses frame elements,
which define the location and attribute of each
frame.
Frames…
 When a frameset page is loaded, the browser
automatically loads each of the pages associated with the
frames.
 Each HTML document is called a frame, and each frame is
independent of the others.
 The disadvantages of using frames are:
 The web developer must keep track of more HTML documents
 It is difficult to print the entire page

 The frameset element holds two or more frame elements.


 Each frame element holds a separate document.
 The frameset element sets no of columns or rows in the
frameset and it uses <frameset> tag.
 The <frame> tag defines one particular window (frame)
within a frameset.
Frames…
 <frameset cols="25%,75%">
<frame src="frame_a.htm" />
<frame src="frame_b.htm" />
</frameset>

 The frameset column size can also be set in pixels


(cols="200,500"), and one of the columns can be set
to use the remaining space, with an asterisk
(cols="25%,*").
 You cannot use the body element together with the
frameset element.
 However, if you add a <noframes> tag containing
some text for browsers that do not support frames,
you will have to enclose the text in a body element.
Frames…
 Attributes of frameset
Attribute Value Description
cols pixels Specifies the number and size of columns in a
% frameset
*
rows pixels Specifies the number and size of rows in a
% frameset
*
Frames…
 Example:
<frameset cols="30%,*">
<frame src="frame-one.html">
<frame src="frame-two.html">
</frameset>
Frames…
 Attributes of frame
Attribute Value Description
frameborder 0 or 1 Specifies whether or not to display a border around a frame
marginheight pixels Specifies the top and bottom margins of a frame
marginwidth pixels Specifies the left and right margins of a frame
noresize noresize Specifies that a frame cannot be resized
scrolling yes Specifies whether or not to display scrollbars in a frame
no
auto
src URL Specifies the URL of the document to show in a frame
Frames…
 You can also nest framesets, to create a
combination of columns and rows:
<frameset rows="120,*">
<frame noresize=”noresize” src="frame-
one.html">
<frameset cols="150,*">
<frame src="frame-two.html">
<frame src="frame-three.html">
</frameset>
</frameset>
Frames…
Frames…
 Nested Frames
 Framesets may be nested to any level. In the following
example, the outer FRAMESET divides the available space into
three equal columns.
 The inner FRAMESET then divides the second area into two
rows of unequal height.

 Example:
<FRAMESET cols="33%, 33%, 34%">
<frame src=”one.html”>
<FRAMESET rows="40%, 50%">
<frame src=”two.html”>
<frame src=”three.html”>
</FRAMESET>
<frame src=”four.html”>
Frames…
Working with iframes (internal frames)
 The <iframe> tag defines an inline frame that

contains another document.


 <iframe>s enable you to update a page section

without reloading the rest of it.


 In addition, <iframe>s can be handy for enabling

users to update a portion of a site’s design


without touching the rest of the design.
<html>
<head>
<title>Internal Frame</title>
</head>
<body>
<p> Maths is the base of many sciences including engineering,
computer science, physics, etc. </p>
<br> <br>
<iframe src ="test.html" width="100%" height="300">
<p>Your browser does not support iframes.</p>
</iframe>
<br> <br>
<table border="1">
<tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Salary</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>Chan Li</td> <td>5000</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>Anna Andrey</td> <td>7000</td> </tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>
HTML Forms
 HTML forms are used to pass data to a server.
 Users generally "fill" a form by modifying its controls (entering
text, selecting list items, etc.) before submitting the form for
further processing by server.
 Forms are a vital tool for the webmaster to receive information
from the web surfer, such as their name, email address, credit
card, etc.
 You may store that data into a file, place an order, gather user
statistics, register the person to your web forum, or maybe
subscribe them to your weekly newsletter.
 A form will take input from the site visitor and then will post to
your back-end application such as CGI, ASP, PHP script etc.
 Then your back-end application will do required processing on
that data in whatever way you like.
HTML Forms…
 The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form:
<form>
input elements
</form>

 The most important element inside form element is the input


element.
 The input element is used to accept user information.
 An input element can vary in many ways, depending on the type
attribute.
 An input element can be of type text field, checkbox, password,
radio button, submit button, and more.
 The most used input types are described in the next subsections.
 The form itself is not visible but form elements are visible.
HTML Forms…
Text Field
 You can create text field by using:

<input type="text">
 This defines a one-line input field that a user can enter text

into.

 Text fields have two important attributes: name and value.


 The name attribute gives name to the text field for
identification purpose and to make it easily accessible.
 The value attribute sets content of the text field.
<form>
First name: <input type="text" name="firstname"><br />
Last name: <input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
HTML Forms…
 The following is the list of attributes for <input type=”text”> tag.
 name: the name attribute is required for identifying the input
field name.
 value : the value attribute specifies default text that appears in
the field when the form is loaded.
 size: by default, browsers display a text-entry box that is 20
characters wide, but you can change the number of characters.
 maxlength: By default, users can type an unlimited number of
characters in a text field regardless of its size.
 You can set a maximum character limit using the maxlength
attribute.

 Example:
<input type="text" name="username" size="8"
HTML Forms…
Password
 A password field works just like a text entry field, except
the characters are obscured from view using asterisk (*)
or bullet (•) characters, or another character determined
by the browser.
 We can define a password field like:
<input type="password" />

 Example:
<form>
Password: <input type="password" name="pwd">
</form>
 How the HTML code above looks in a browser:
Password:
HTML Forms…
Text Area
 At times, you may want your users to be able

enter multiple line of text.


 For these instances, use the <textarea> element

that is replaced by a multi-line, scrollable text


entry box when displayed by the browser.

 Example:
<textarea name="comment"> Tell us what you
feel about our tutorial with 50 words or less.
</textarea>
HTML Forms…
Text Area attributes:
 Text area has the following attributes:

 name – name is used to identify the text area

 rows - specifies the number of lines of text area should

display.
 Scrollbars will be provided if the user types more text than fits

in the allotted space.


 cols - specifies the width of the text area measured in number

of characters.

 Example:
<textarea name="comment" rows="5" cols="100"> Tell us
what you feel about our tutorial with 50 words or less.
</textarea>
HTML Forms…
Radio Buttons
 Radio buttons are a popular form of interaction.

 You may have seen them on quizzes,

questionnaires, and other web sites that give the


user a multiple choice question.
 Below are a couple attributes you should know

that relate to the radio button.


 value: specifies what will be sent if the user
chooses this radio button.
Only one value will be sent for a given group of
radio buttons.
 name: defines which set of radio buttons that it is a
part of.
HTML Forms…
 Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE of a limited
number of choices.
 We can define a radio button like:
<input type="radio">

 Example
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male">
Male<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">
Female
</form>
HTML Forms…
 Radio button attributes are:
 name: sets name of the radio button

 value: sets the value of the radio button. This is

the data sent to server when the user submits


the form.
 checked: sets whether the radio button is

checked by default or not. It accepts the value


checked.

Example:
<form method=”post” action=”register.php”>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male"
checked=”checked”> Male <br>
HTML Forms…
Checkboxes
 Check boxes allow for multiple items to be selected for a

certain group of choices.


 The check box's name and value attributes behave the same

as a radio button.
 We can define a checkbox like:

<input type="checkbox">
Checkboxes let a user select ONE or MORE options.

 Example:
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike"> I
have bike <br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car"> I
have car
</form>
HTML Forms…
Selection lists
 Drop down menus are created with the <select> and <option>

tags.
 <select> is the list itself and each <option> is an available

choice for the user.

 Example:
Educational level: <br>
<select name="degree">
<option>Choose One</option>
<option>Some High School</option>
<option>High School Degree</option>
<option>Some College</option>
<option>Bachelor's Degree</option>
<option>Doctorate</option>
</select>
HTML Forms…
 Checkbox attributes are:
 name: sets name of the checkbox
 value: sets the value of the checkbox. This is the data sent to

server when the user submits the form.


 checked: sets whether the checkbox is checked by default or not.

It accepts the value checked.

 Example:
What type of food do you like?
<ul>
<li><input type="checkbox" name="genre" value=" spaghetti "
checked="checked"> Spaghetti</li>
<li><input type="checkbox" name="genre" value="pizza"
checked="checked"> Pizza</li>
<li><input type="checkbox" name="genre" value="sandwich">Sandwich
</li>
<li><input type="checkbox" name="genre" value="Burger">Burger</li>
</ul>
HTML Forms…
Attributes of select

Attribute Value Description


disabled disabled Specifies that a drop-down list should be disabled
multiple multiple Specifies that multiple options can be selected
name text Specifies the name of a drop-down list
size number Specifies the number of visible options in a drop-
down list

Attribute of option
Attribute value Description
selected selected Specifies whether the option is selected or not
when the form loads
HTML Forms…
Scrolling Lists
 To make the menu display as a scrolling list, simply specify the

number of lines you’d like to be visible using the size attribute.

 Example:
Select the fruits you like:
<select name="fruits" size="6" multiple="multiple">
<option>Orange</option>
<option>Apple</option>
<option selected="selected">Banana</option>
<option selected="selected">Mango</option>
<option> Avocado</option>
<option>Pineapple</option>
<option>Papaya</option>
<option>Strawberry</option>
HTML Forms…
 This produces the following output:
HTML Forms…
Button
 There are a number of different kinds of buttons that

can be added to web forms.


 Some are:

 submit button,
 reset button, and
 client side button.

Submit Button
 When clicked, the submit button immediately sends the

collected data in the form to the server for processing.

 Submit button is defined as follows:


<input type="submit">
HTML Forms…
 Submit button has the following attributes:
 value: this sets the text displayed on the button as a

label.
 name: used to give name to the submit button

 Example:
<input type=”submit” name=”info” value=”Send”>

Reset Button
 The reset button returns the form controls to the state

they were in when the form loaded.


 This clears the text users typed into text fields, and

removes selections made.


HTML Forms…
 Reset button can be defined as follows:
<input type="reset">

Client Side Button


 This is a button that is used to trigger a client-side

script when the user clicks on that button.


 This is used to execute scripting language such as

JavaScript.
 It has no predefined function on its own, as submit

and reset buttons do.

 Client side button can be defined as follows:


<input type="button">
HTML Forms…
 Client side button has the following attributes:
 value: this sets the text displayed on the button as a
label.
 name: used to give name to the button

Example:
<input type=”button” name=”adder” value=”Add”>

Image Button
 This type of input control allows you to replace the

submit button with an image of your choice.


 The image will appear flat, not like a 3-D button.
HTML Forms…
 Image button can be defined as follows:
<input type="image">

 Image button attributes:


 src: sets the image to be used as the submit

button
 value: text displayed on the button

 name: name of the submit button

 Example:
<input type="image" src="didessa.png"
value="Submit">
HTML Forms…
The button element
 The button element is a flexible element for creating

custom buttons similar to those created with the input


element.
 The content of the button element (text and/or

images) is what gets displayed on the button.

 In this example, a button element is used as a submit


button.
 The button includes a label and a small image.
<button type="submit" name="submit">
<img src="thumbs-up.gif" alt=""> Ready to go.
</button>
HTML Forms…
Hidden controls
 There may be times when you need to send information to the

form processing application that does not come from the user.
 In these instances, you can use a hidden form control that

sends data when the form is submitted, but is not visible when
the form is displayed in a browser.
<input type="hidden">

 Hidden controls are added using the input element with the
type set to hidden.
 Its sole purpose is to pass a name/value pair to the server
when the form is submitted.

 Example:
<input type="hidden" name="page"
value="http://www.example.com/littlechair_thankyou.html">
HTML Forms…
File selection control
 Web forms can collect more than just data.

 They can also be used to transmit external documents from a

user’s hard drive.


 For example, a printing company could use a web form to

receive artwork for a business card order.


 A magazine could use a form on their site to collect digital

photos for a photo contest.

 The file selection control makes it possible for users to select a


document from the hard drive to be submitted with the form
data.
 It is added to the form using our old friend the input element
with its type set to file.

 Example:
<input type="file">
HTML Forms…
 The browser displays a “file” input as a text field with a button
that allows the user to navigate the hard drive and select the file
for upload.

 Example:
<input type="file" name="photo" size="28" id="form-photo">

 It is important to note that when a form contains a file selection


input element, you must specify the encoding type (enctype) of
the form as multipart/form-data and use the POST method.

 Example:
<form action="client.php" method="post"
enctype="multipart/form-data">
<p> Send a photo to be used as your online icon:<br>
<input type="file" name="photo" size="28" id="form-photo"
/></p>
<html>
<head> <title>Form Elements</title> </head>
<body>
<form name="test" method="post">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"> <br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"> <br>
Sex: <input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" checked> Male
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female"> Female
<br>
Educational level: <br>
<select name="education" size="6">
<option>Primary School</option> <option>Secondary School</option>
<option>College Diploma</option> <option>First Degree</option>
<option>Masters Degree</option> <option>PhD</option>
</select> <br>
Which fields are you interested in? <br>
<input type="checkbox" name=“choice1" value="Electronics"> Electronics <br>
<input type="checkbox" name=“choice2" value="Software Engineering"> Software
Engineering <br>
<input type="checkbox" name=“choice3" value="Computer Engineering"> Computer
Engineering <br>
<input type="checkbox" name=“choice4" value="Networking"> Networking
<br> <br>
Tell us what you feel about our tutorial with 50 words or less. <br>
<textarea name="comment" rows="10" cols="50"> </textarea> <br>
<input type="submit" name="submit">
</form>
</body>
HTML Forms…
Linking HTML Forms with PHP Scripts
 To create a link between PHP scripts and HTML

forms, we need to use the submit button, and the


attribute of the <form> tag, specifically “action”
and “method”.

Buttons:
 Submit buttons: When activated, a submit

button submits a form.


 A form may contain more than one submit

button.
HTML Forms…
 A submit button is used to send form data to a
server.
 The data is sent to the page specified in the
form's action attribute .
 The file defined in the action attribute usually
does something with the received input:

<form name="input" action="action.php"


method="get">
Username: <input type="text" name="user">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
HTML Forms…
Automating Processing: Info Forms and Emails
 If you would like to provide your web site visitors with a simple way to
contact you from your web site, but really don't want to display your
email address, this HTML form code may be what you're looking for.
 You can create a simple form, to enable your visitors to send you
comments, questions, product support requests, or whatever you'd like.
<form action=‘mailto:[email protected]’ method=“post"
enctype="text/plain">
Your Name: <input type="text" size="20“ name="VisitorName">
<br><br>
Your Comment: <textarea name="VisitorComment" rows="4"
cols="20">
</textarea><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Email This Form">
</form>
Inserting Multimedia
 You can add music or video into your web page.
The easiest way to add video or sound to your
web site is to use <embed> tag.
 The src attribute of <embed> tag defines what
video/audio file to embed into the page.
 This tag causes the browser itself to include
controls for the multimedia automatically.

Example:
<embed src="example.mpeg" autostart="false" />
Inserting Multimedia…
 The following is the list of important attributes for <embed> element.
 align - determines how to align the object. It takes either center, left or right.
 autostart - Indicates if the media should start playing automatically. Netscape
default is true, Internet Explorer is false.
 loop - Specifies if the sound should be played continuously (set loop to true), a
certain number of times (a positive value) or not at all (false). This is supported
by Netscape only.
 playcount - Specifies the number of times to play the sound. This is alternate
option for loop if you are usiong IE.
 hidden - Defines if the object shows on the page. A false value means no and
true means yes.
 height – set height of the object.
 width – set width of the object.
 pluginspage - Specifies the URL to get the plugin software.
 name - A name used to reference the object.
 src - URL of the object to be embedded. This can be any recognizable by the
user's browser. It could be .mid, .wav, .mp3, .avi and so on).
 volume - Controls volume of the sound. Can be from 0 (off) to 100 (full
volume). This attribute is supported by Netscape only.
 Controller – whether to show controllers like play, stop, pause, etc.
Inserting Multimedia…
 Example:
<embed src="http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ibm-linux.mov"
Pluginspage="http://www.apple.com/quicktime/" width="320"
height="250"
CONTROLLER="true" LOOP="false" AUTOPLAY="false" name="IBM
Video">
</embed>

 File types that are supported by the embed tag are Flash movies
(.swf), mpeg(.mpg or .mpeg), AVI's (.avi), and MOV's (.mov).
 .swf files - are the file types created by Adobe Flash program.
 .wmv files - are Microsoft's Window's Media Video file types.
 .mov files - are Apple's Quick Time Movie format.
 .mpeg files - are movie files created by the Moving Pictures Expert
Group.
 Macromedia's .swf and .mpeg formats may be the best options for web
because the high compression reduces file size and expedites the
download periods for your page visitors.

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