Data Types

Introduction to Programming C++

Objectives
• Understand and use the basic programming constructs of C/C+
+
• Manipulate various C/C++ data types, such as arrays, strings,
and pointers

Introduction to Programming C++

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C++ Get Started
• To start using C++, you need two things:
• A text editor, like Notepad, to write C++ code
• A compiler, like GCC, to translate the C++ code into a language
that the computer will understand

Introduction to Programming C++

• OR online C++ compiler:
www.onlinegdb.com

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Memory
• Imagine a memory as a block with different slots
• Each slot has a size of 1 byte
• 1 byte= 8 bits
• Each memory location has an address (0001,0002,0003, etc..)

Introduction to Programming C++

Memory
Memory location with
******** address 0001
8 bits = 1 byte Memory location with
address 0002
Memory location with
address 0003

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Variables
• Variables are a portion of memory to store a value
• Each variable has a specified size (1 byte, 4 bytes, etc…)

• Types of Variables:

Introduction to Programming C++

1. Character Type
2. Numerical Integer Types
3. Floating- Point Types
4. Boolean Type

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Character Type:
• C++ syntax  char
• Size= 1 Byte of the memory
• It can save values such as letters and symbols,
example: ‘A’, ‘$’, etc…

Introduction to Programming C++

Numerical Integer Type:
• Example: C++ syntax  int
• Size= 4 Bytes of the memory
• It can save integer numerical values, example: 3, 8
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Floating- Point Types:
• Example: C++ syntax  double
• Size= 8 Bytes of the memory
• It can save decimal numerical values, example: 3.01,
8.01

Introduction to Programming C++

Boolean Type:
• Example: C++ syntax  bool
• It only saves the values true and false

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Binary and ASCII
• Numbers gets converted from decimal to binary (we covered
that last lecture)
• What about characters? How are they saved in the memory?
• There is an ASCII table which gives every symbol and letter a
binary number.

Introduction to Programming C++

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Variables
• A variable in C++ needs a type and a name:
• Syntax: TYPE Name;
• The name of a variable can’t start with a number:
Ex: 1lab X

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• The name can’t include a space, ! Or a symbol:
Ex: Lab 1, Lab!, Lab$ X
• An _ can be used:
Ex: Lab _1 Accepted
• C++ is case sensitive:
Ex: RESULT is NOT the same as result
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Variables
• Example of variables:
int hello;

TYPE NAME

Introduction to Programming C++

Size: 4 Bytes of Memory Memory

4 Bytes are reserved with

the name hello

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Variables
• Example of variables:
char cool;

TYPE NAME

Introduction to Programming C++

Size: 1 Byte of Memory Memory

4 Bytes are reserved with

the name hello

1 Byte is reserved with the

name cool 11
Initializing a Variable
• To initialize a value for a variable one of the following sytax
can be used:
Memory
• Type Name = Value;
00000101
• Ex: int hello = 5;
4 Bytes are reserved with 00000000
• Type Name (Value);

Introduction to Programming C++

the name hello & has a value 00000000
• Ex: int hello (5); of 5 00000000
• Type Name {Value}; 1 Byte is reserved with the 01101101
• Ex: int hello {5}; name cool & has a value of
• Ex: char cool = ‘m’; m

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 Inserting Values and Printing
Messages
• To allow the user to input values that will be saved in the
memory:
1- Define a variable (type and name)/ Ex: int number;
2- Write the syntax cin>> variable name;/ Ex:

Introduction to Programming C++

cin>>number;

• To allow the program to print messages for the user:

• Write the syntax: cout<<“message”;/ Ex: cout<<“welcome to C++”;

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C++ Program Main Block
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{

Introduction to Programming C++

return 0;
}
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• #include <iostream>

• is a header file library that lets us work with input and output
objects, Header files add functionality to C++ programs

Introduction to Programming C++

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• using namespace std;

• means that we can use names for objects and variables from
the standard library

Introduction to Programming C++

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• int main()

• This is called a function. Any code inside its curly

brackets {} will be executed.

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C++ Output (Print Text)
• The cout object, together with the << operator, is used to
output values/print text:

Introduction to Programming C++

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 C++ Output (Print Text)

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C++ New Lines
• To insert a new line, you can use the \n character:

Introduction to Programming C++

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C++ New Lines
• Another way to insert a new line, is with the endl manipulator:

Introduction to Programming C++

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C++ Comments
• Comments can be used to explain C++ code, and to make it
more readable. Comments can be singled-lined or multi-lined:

Introduction to Programming C++

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C++ Variables
• Variables are containers for storing data values.
• In C++, there are different types of variables (defined with
different keywords), for example:

Introduction to Programming C++

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C++ Variables
• int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such
as 123 or -123
• double - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as
19.99 or -19.99
• char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values

Introduction to Programming C++

are surrounded by single quotes
• string - stores text, such as "Hello World". String values are
surrounded by double quotes
• bool - stores values with two states: true or false

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 C++ Variables

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 C++ Variables

Introduction to Programming C++

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 C++ Variables

Introduction to Programming C++

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 C++ Variables

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 C++ Variables

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 C++ Variables

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 C++ Variables

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C++ User Input
• You have already learned that cout is used to
output (print) values. Now we will use cin to get
user input.
• cin is a predefined variable that reads data from

Introduction to Programming C++

the keyboard with the extraction operator (>>).
• In the following example, the user can input a
number, which is stored in the variable x. Then
we print the value of x:

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 C++ User Input

Introduction to Programming C++

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Example
• #include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello World!";

Introduction to Programming C++

return 0;
}

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Find the sum of 2 numbers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{

Introduction to Programming C++

int num1, num2, sum;
cout <<“Enter number 1\n”;
cin>> num1;
cout <<“Enter number 2\n”;
cin>>num2;
sum= num1 + num2;
cout<<“The sum is”<<sum;

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return 0;
}
Find the average of 3 numbers
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main ()
{

Introduction to Programming C++

int num_1, num_2, num_3;
double average;
cout <<“Enter number 1 and number 2 and number 3\n”;
cin>> num_1>>num_2>>num_3;
average= (num_1+num_2+num_3)/3;
cout<<average;

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return 0;
}