Manual In-text
Citation and
Referencing
What is APA Style?
American Psychological Association
(APA) has created a set of
publication guidelines known as
“APA style.” This style is used
primarily within the field of social
sciences.
APA ensures that sources are
General Guidelines
The references page appears at the end
of the document before appendices.
The references should appear on a
separate page.
The word “References” should be
centered at the top of the page.
The list of references should account for
ALL in-text citations.
All entries must be alphabetized by
author’s last name (or organization
name, in the absence of the author).
The list must be double-spaced.
All entries must be placed with a
hanging indent, so that the first line
is flushed left and subsequent lines
are indented.
Hanging Indented
Fine, M., & Blume, L. (1993). Reflections on
a therapy experience.
American
Psychologist, 48(2), 141-147.
The abbreviation (n.d.) needs to be used
in the absence of a date.
Titles of books, magazines, and journals
are italicized.
Only proper nouns, the first words of titles,
and the first words after a colon in a title
are capitalized.
My friend Annie: A journey through
time.
Document Identification System
Documents can be identified in one of
three ways —
1. with a DOI (for all sources),
2. with publisher information (for
printed books when DOI is not available),
and
3. with a URL (for all online resources,
when DOI is not available).
DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is an
alphanumeric string of characters that
can be found near the copyright
information. If DOI is available, provide it
for both printed and electronic sources.
DOI and URL appear at the end of the
reference entry. Do not place a period
after either one.
URL (uniform resource locator) is the internet
address of the source. Provide it for electronic
source only when the DOI is not available. For
periodicals, provide the address of the journal
home page.
To find any document using DOI, type in the
following in the address window: http://
dx.doi.org/[your doi number]
Referencing Books and Sections of Books
Author. (Year). Title of the book.
Location: Publisher. (if DOI is not
available)
Author. (Year). Title of the book. doi:
10.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx (if DOI is
available)
Book (one author)
List the last name of the author, followed
by his or her initial.
You may list only one initial or two (for first
and middle names).
Crystal, D. (2007). How language works.
New York:
Avery Publishing Group.
Book (one author)
If there is more than one edition of the book, the
edition must be indicated after the title of the book.
When an edition is listed, the period is placed after
the parentheses instead of the title.
If a DOI is available, use it instead of the publishing
information.
Palmacci, C. (2008). Chick lit and horror
flicks (2nd
ed.). doi:10.2039av/3910221
Book (edited)
If there is more than one edition of the book, the
edition must be indicated after the title of the book.
When an edition is listed, the period is placed after
the parentheses instead of the title.
If a DOI is available, use it instead of the publishing
information.
Palmacci, C. (2008). Chick lit and horror
flicks (2nd
ed.). doi:10.2039av/3910221
Book (two authors)
Use commas to separate last names from initials and
to separate each author from the next.
Use an ampersand (&) before the second author.
If the author has a suffix (ex. Jr. or II), use the pattern:
Smith, B., Jr., & Jones, H.
Strunk, W., Jr., & White, K. (1979). The
elements of
style (3rd ed.). New York: MacMillan.
Book (three to five authors or editors)
List authors in the order that they appear on the cover
of the book.
Use commas to separate last names from initials and
to separate each author from the next.
Carter, C., Bishop, J., & Kravitz, S. (2002).
Keys to college
studying: Becoming a lifelong learner.
doi:10.10056/2kh0414
Book (six or more authors or editors)
If there are up to seven authors, include all. If there are
eight or more, include the first six, and then insert
three ellipsis points and add the last author’s name.
If the book is part of a volume or series, indicate the
volume number in parentheses after the title.
Baym, N., Franklin, W., Gottesman, R., Holland, L.
B., Kalstone, D., Krupat, A., . . . Levine, G.
(1994). The Norton anthology of American
literature (4th ed., Vol. 1). New York: W. W.
Electronic version of a printed book (with DOI)
List author and title. DOI information takes the place
of the publisher location and name.
Deer, P. (2009). Culture in camouflage: War, empire, and British
literature. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239887.001.0001
Electronic version of a printed book (without DOI)
List author and title. URL takes place with words
Retrieved from…
Hacker, D. (2009). Research and documentation in the electronic
age (4th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc
Chapter or Article in an Edited Book
Hartley, J. T., Harker, J. O., & Walsh, D. A. (1980).
Contemporary issues and new directions in adult
development of learning and memory. In L. W. Poon (Ed.),
Aging in the 1980s: Psychological issues (pp. 239-252).
Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
List the source by the name(s) of the author(s) of the
chapter or article.
Write the title of the chapter or article after the authors’
names.
Introduce the title of the book by stating “In [editor’s
name] (Ed.) or (Eds.),”
(Note that the editor’s initials precede the last name).
The page numbers at the end reflect the pages of the
Encyclopedia or Dictionary (Book)
Family Name (,) Initial of the First Name (.)
Initial of the Middle Name (.)
Year of Publication (.)
Title of the Book (.)
Place of Publication (colon)
Name of Publisher (.)
Costello, R. B. (Ed.). (1997). The American heritage
college dictionary (3rd ed). Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Company.
Encyclopedia or Dictionary (online)
Place of Publication (.)
(Date Retrieved - Year, Month, Date)
(.)
Title of the Dictionary/Encyclopedia
(.)
Retrieved
Miami. from
(2006, June URL
11). address ofOnline
In Britannica the entry.
Encyclopedia. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked
/topic/379665 /Miami
Encyclopedia or Dictionary (entry)
If there is no information about the author of an
encyclopedia or dictionary entry, use the title of the entry.
Write the word “In” before the title of the encyclopedia or
dictionary.
Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The new
encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501- 508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Writing. (1997). In The American heritage college
dictionary (3rd ed., p. 1558) Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company.
Encyclopedia or Dictionary (entry)
If there is no information about the author of an
encyclopedia or dictionary entry, use the title of the entry.
Write the word “In” before the title of the encyclopedia or
dictionary.
Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In The new
encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501- 508).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Writing. (1997). In The American heritage college
dictionary (3rd ed., p. 1558) Boston: Houghton Mifflin
Company.
REFERENCING PERIODICALS
Periodicals include newspapers,
journals, and magazines
REFERENCING PERIODICALS
Author. (Year). Title of article. Title of periodical,
volume(issue), p.-p. doi: xx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
(if DOI is available)
Author. (Year). Title of article. Title of periodical,
volume(issue), p.-p. (if DOI is not available,
printed)
Author. (Year). Title of article. Title of periodical,
volume(issue), p.-p. Retrieved from URL of
the periodical homepage (if DOI is not available,
Journal Article with a DOI (in print or online)
Family Name, Initials of the first name and middle name followed
by a period
Year of Publication enclosed in parenthesis
Title of the Article
Title of the Journal (Italic)
Page number
Total Pages
DOI
Moore, S.D., & Brody, L.R. (2009). Linguistic predictors
of mindfulness in written self-disclosure narratives.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 28, 281.
doi: 10.1177/0261927x09335264
Manual Paraphrasing
and In-text Citation
What to prepare?
The needed information (Name of
the author, year, title of the book,
place of publication, and publisher’s
name)
The original text to be
paraphrased
Example:
1. The Needed Information
Name: Elena Semino, John Heywood, Mick
Short
Year: 2004
Title: Methodological problems in the analysis
of metaphors in a corpus of conversations
about cancer
Name of the Journal: Journal of Pragmatics
2. The original text
In other words, the literal fact that
cancer cells can enter the blood
stream and be carried from one part
of the body to another leads to a
situation where metaphors drawing from
the source domains of movement and
journeys are particularly appropriate to
talk about and understand what happens
inside the body.
Paraphrased
The use of metaphors is likened to
cancer cells that enter in the blood
stream and are carried to the entire
body. Metaphors are drawn from the
source of the conversation and are
journeyed from one talk to another
(Semino, Heywood, & Short, 2004)
Paraphrased
According to Semino, Heywood, &
Short, (2004), the use of metaphors is
likened to cancer cells that enter in the
blood stream and are carried to the
entire body. Metaphors are drawn
from the source of the conversation
and are journeyed from one talk to
another.
Reference:
Semino, E., Heywood, J., & Short, M.
(2004). Methodological
problems in the analysis of
metaphors in a corpus of
conversations about
cancer. Journal of Pragmatics, 36,
7, 1271-1294.
