Application of

Information and
Communication •Lecture 2
Technologies(2+ •By: Ms Kahkishan Sanam
1)
 Purpose of The Course

• Digital Security and Privacy

• Viruses and Other Malware
• Health Concerns and Environmental Issues
• Computer software (Programs and Applications, Installing and
Running Programs, Developing Programs and Apps
• Operating Systems
• Communications and Networks, Wired and Wireless
Communications, Networks,
• Computer Applications in Society (Technology Uses, Government,
Finance, Retail, Entertainment, Health Care, Science, Travel,
Publishing, Manufacturing, Technology Users)

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-2
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Digital Security and Privacy
Viruses and Other Malware

• Some are harmless pranks that temporarily freeze, play

sounds, or display messages on your computer or
mobile device. Others destroy or corrupt data,
instructions, and information stored on the infected
computer or mobile device.
• If you notice any unusual changes in the performance
of your computer or mobile device, it may be infected
with malware

Copyright © 2018 Cengage

© 2016 Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May notMay not be scanned,
be scanned, copied
copied or duplicor duplicated, or 1-3 3
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
ated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Page 215 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-4 4
Table 5-1
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Digital Security and Privacy
Information Privacy

• Information privacy refers to the right of individuals

and companies to deny or restrict the collection, use,
and dissemination of information about them
• Huge databases store data online
• Websites often collect data about you, so that they can
customize advertisements and send you personalized
email messages
• Some employers monitor your computer usage and
email messages

© 2016 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied

Page 242 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-5 5
or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website,
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
in whole or in part.
 Digital Security and Privacy
Information Privacy

• Information about
you, can be stored in
a database when
you:
– Fill out a printed or
online form
– Create a profile on an
online social network
– Register a product
warranty

Pages 242 - 243 Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-6 6
Figure 5-24
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage
© 2016 Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May notMay not be scanned,
be scanned, copied
copied or duplicor duplicated, or 1-7 7
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
ated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Digital Security and Privacy
Health Concerns of Using Technology

• A repetitive strain injury (RSI) is an injury or disorder of

the muscles, nerves, ligaments, and joints
• Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a technology-
related health condition that affects eyesight
• Ergonomics is an applied science devoted to
incorporating comfort, efficiency, and safety into the
design of items in the workplace
• Technology addiction occurs when the technology
consumes someone’s entire social life

Pages 142- 144 Copyright © 2018 Cengage

© 2016 Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May notMay not be scanned,
be scanned, copied
copied or duplicor duplicated, or 1-8 8
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
ated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Health Concerns
• Eye Strain and Vision Problems: Prolonged screen time can cause
eye strain, dry eyes, and increase the risk of myopia (nearsightedness)
and other vision problems.
• Headaches and Migraines: Exposure to screens and electronic
devices can trigger headaches and migraines due to blue light
emission, glare, and poor posture.
• Sleep Disturbances: The blue light emitted from screens can interfere
with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to insomnia, daytime
fatigue, and other sleep-related problems.
• Mental Health: Excessive technology use has been linked to increased
stress, anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
• Physical Inactivity: Sedentary behavior associated with technology
use can contribute to obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other health
problems.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-9
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Digital Security and Privacy
Health Concerns of Using Technology

Page 144 Copyright © 2018 Cengage

© 2016 Cengage Learning®.
Learning®. May notMay not be scanned,
be scanned, copied
copied or duplicor duplicated, or 1-1010
Figure 3-32 posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
ated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Digital Security and Privacy
Environmental Issues

• Green computing involves reducing the electricity

consumed and environmental waste generated
when using a computer
• Strategies include:
– Recycling
– Using energy efficient hardware and energy saving
features
– Regulating manufacturing processes
– Extending the life of computers
– Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced
computers

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-11
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Environmental Issues
• E-Waste: The rapid disposal of electronic devices contributes to the
growing problem of electronic waste (e-waste), which can harm the
environment and human health.
• Energy Consumption: The production, use, and disposal of electronic
devices require significant amounts of energy, contributing to
greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.
• Air and Water Pollution: The manufacturing process of electronic
devices can release toxic chemicals into the air and water, posing
health risks to humans and wildlife.
• Climate Change: The technology production, use, and disposal
contributes to climate change, which has far-reaching consequences for
the environment and human health.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-12
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Programs and Apps

• Program: A program is a set of instructions written

to perform a specific task on a computer. It can be
simple (a calculator program) or complex (an
operating system).
• Application (App): A type of program designed for
users to perform specific tasks (e.g., writing
documents, browsing the internet, editing videos).

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-13
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Programs and Applications, Installing and
Running Programs, Developing Programs
and Apps

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-14
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Programs and Apps (1 of 6)
• Software, also called a program, consists of a series of related instructions,
organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to perform
and how to perform them.
– System software (Operating system, Utility programs)
– Application Software
• System software consists of the programs that control or maintain the
operations of the computer and its devices. System software serves as the
interface between the user, the application software, and the computer’s
hardware.
 An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all the activities
among computer hardware devices. It provides a means for users to
communicate with the computer and other software. Many of today’s
computers use Microsoft’s Windows, Mac OS, Apple’s operating system.
 Utility Program A utility program allows a user to perform maintenance-type
tasks usually related to managing a computer, its devices, or its programs.
Antivirus, backup software, file manager.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-15
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Programs and Apps (2 of 6)

Figure 1-30 Shown here are the macOS and Windows operating systems for laptops
and desktops and the Android and iOS operating systems for smartphones. You
interact with these operating system interfaces by clicking or tapping their icons or
tiles.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-16
• Application software consists of programs designed to
make users more productive or assist them with
personal tasks.
• A widely used type of application software related to
communications is a Web browser, which allows users
with an Internet connection to access and view Web
pages or access programs.
• Other popular application software includes word
processing software, spreadsheet software, database
software, and presentation software

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-17
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Programs and Apps (3 of 6)
– Applications

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-18
 Programs and Apps (4 of 6)

• Installing a program is the process of setting up the

program to work with a computer or mobile device,
printer, and/or other hardware
• Once installed, you can run a program so that you
can interact with it
• You interact with a program through its user
interface

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-19
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-20
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Programs and Apps (5 of 6)

• A software developer, sometimes called a

developer or programmer, is someone who
develops programs and apps or writes the
instructions that direct the computer or mobile
device to process data into information.
• Programmers use a programming language or
program development tool to create computer
programs. Popular programming languages include
C++, Java, JavaScript, Visual C#, and Visual
Basic.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-21
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Programs and Apps (6 of 6)

Figure 1-31 A software developer writes instructions using Visual Basic (a) to
create Payroll Information window shown here (b).

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-22
 Communications and Networks (3 of 8)

• A communications device is hardware capable of

transferring items from computers and devices to
transmission media and vice versa

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-23
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Communications and Networks (4 of 8)

Figure 1-32 Modems, wireless access, and routers are examples of communications
devices that enable communications between computers/ mobile devices and the
Internet. Notice that some computers and devices communicate via wires, and others
communicate wirelessly.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-24
 Communications and Networks (5 of 8)

• Wired Communication: transmission of data through

physical cables or wires.
– This type of communication provides stable and high-quality connections
with less susceptibility to interference compared to wireless systems.
– Common types of wired communication include:
 Ethernet: A common method for local area networks (LANs) that uses
cables to transmit data between devices within a building or campus.
 Coaxial Cables: Used for television signals and broadband internet
connections.
 Fiber-Optic Cables: Use light signals to transmit data at extremely
high speeds and over long distances with minimal loss, often used for
high-speed internet and telecommunication systems.
 Telephone Lines: Used for traditional voice communication and
internet services in some areas (DSL).

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-25
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Communications and Networks (5 of 8)
• Wireless Communication: transmission of data over the air using
electromagnetic waves (radio, microwave, infrared, etc.)
– It eliminates the need for physical wires, offering mobility and flexibility
– it can be subject to interference and security concerns
– Examples of wireless communications technologies
include:
 Wi-Fi: A wireless technology that allows devices to connect to the internet or
local area networks using radio waves, typically over short distances (within a
home, office, or public hotspot).
 Bluetooth: A short-range wireless communication technology used to
connect devices like headphones, smartphones, and computers within a close
proximity (usually up to 100 meters).
 Cellular radio
 Satellites

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-26
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Communications and Networks (6 of 8)
A network is a collection of computers and devices
connected together, often wirelessly, via
communications devices and transmission media

Figure 1-33 A server manages the resources on a network, and clients access the
resources on the server. This network enables three separate computers to share the
same printer, one wirelessly.
Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-27
 Communications and Networks (7 of 8)

• Home Networks
– Connect to the Internet
– Share a single high-speed Internet connection
– Access photos, music, videos, and other content
– Share devices
– Play multiplayer games
– Connect game consoles to the Internet
– Subscribe to and use VoIP
– Interact with other devices in a smart home

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-28
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Communications and Networks (8 of 8)

• Business Networks
– Facilitate communications
– Share hardware
– Share data, information, and software

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-29
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Communications and Networks (1 of 7)

• In the course of a day, it is likely you use, or use

information generated by, one or more of these
communications technologies
– Chat rooms
– Email
– Fax
– FTP

» Read details

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-30
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Communications and Networks (2 of 8)
– Instant messaging
– Internet
– Newsgroups
– Videoconference
– Voice mail
– VoIP

» Read details

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-31
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Technology Uses
• Education: Education is the process of acquiring
knowledge. In the traditional model, people learn
from other people such as parents, teachers, and
employers. Many forms of printed material such as
books and manuals are used as learning tools.
Today, educators also are turning to computers to
assist with education. Many schools and
companies equip labs and classrooms with
computers.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-32
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Technology Uses
• Government: A government provides society with
direction by making and administering policies. To
provide citizens with up-to-date information, most
government offices have Web sites.
• People in the United States access government
Web sites to file taxes, apply for permits and
licenses, pay parking tickets, buy stamps, report
crimes, apply for financial aid, and renew vehicle
registrations and driver’s licenses.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-33
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Finance: Many people and companies use computers to
help manage their finances. Some use finance software to
balance checkbooks, pay bills, track personal income and
expenses, manage investments, and evaluate financial
plans.
• Health Care: Hospitals and doctors use computers and
mobile devices to maintain and access patient records. •
Computers monitor patients’ vital signs in hospital rooms
and at home. • Robots deliver medication to nurse stations
in hospitals. • Computers and computerized devices assist
doctors, nurses, and technicians with medical tests.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-34
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Technology Uses
• Science: All branches of science, from biology to
astronomy, use computers to assist them with
collecting, analyzing, and modeling data. Scientists
also use the Internet to communicate with
colleagues around the world.
• Publishing: Publishing is the process of making
works available to the public. These works include
books, magazines, newspapers, music, film, and
video.

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-35
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
• Retail
• Entertainment
• Travel
• Manufacturing

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-36
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 Technology Users (1 of 3)

Home User Small/Home Office User

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-37
 Technology Users (2 of 3)

Mobile User Power User

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-38
Technology Users (3 of 3)

Enterprise Use

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-39
Click icon to add picture

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-40
Click icon to add picture

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or

posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1-41
 Summary

• Basic computer concepts

• Various methods for input, output, memory, and
storage
• The Internet
• Digital security and safety risks and precautions
• Uses of technology applications in society

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or 1-42
posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.