Lesson -2

 Understanding IP Address
 Different classes of IP Address
 Understanding Public and Private IP Address
 Understanding Subnetting
 Understanding classless inter-domain routing (CIDR)

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 Base 2 Number System
101102 = (1 x 24 = 16) + (0 x 23 = 0) + (1 x 22 = 4) +
(1 x 21 = 2) + (0 x 20 = 0) = 22
 Converting Decimal to Binary
Convert 20110 to binary:
201 / 2 = 100 remainder 1
100 / 2 = 50 remainder 0
50 / 2 = 25 remainder 0
25 / 2 = 12 remainder 1
12 / 2 = 6 remainder 0
6 / 2 = 3 remainder 0
3 / 2 = 1 remainder 1
1 / 2 = 0 remainder 1
When the quotient is 0, take all the remainders in
reverse order for your answer: 20110 = 110010012
Binary to Decimal Chart
Hex to Binary to Decimal Chart
 Network and Host Division
Each complete 32-bit IP address is broken down into a network
part and a host part. A bit or bit sequence at the start of each
address determines the class of the address. There are 5 IP
address classes.

An IP address will always be divided into a network and host

portion. In a classful addressing scheme, these divisions take
place at the octet boundaries.

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 IP Addressing
32 Bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16

128

8
4
2
1
64
32
16
Example
Decimal 172 16 122 204
Example
Binary 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100

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 IP Address Classes

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

•Class A:
•Class B:
•Class C:
•Class D: Multicast
•Class E: Research
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 IP Address Classes
Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
0NNNNNNN Host Host Host
Class A:
Range (1-126)

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
10NNNNNN Network Host Host
Class B:
Range (128-191)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
110NNNNN Network Network Host
Class C:
Range (192-223)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group
Class D:
Range (224-239)
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 IP Address Classes
IP addresses are divided into classes to define the large,
medium, and small networks.

Class A addresses are assigned to larger networks.

Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks
Class C for small networks.

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Identifying Address Classes

11
IP Address Classes Exercise

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10
IP Address Classes Exercise Answers

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1 A 10.0.0.0 0.2.1.1

128.63.2.100 B 128.63.0.0 0.0.2.100
201.222.5.64 C 201.222.5.0 0.0.0.64

192.6.141.2 C 192.6.141.0 0.0.0.2

130.113.64.16 B 130.113.0.0 0.0.64.16
256.241.201.10 Nonexistent
 Network/Broadcast Addresses
at the Binary Level
An IP address that has binary 0s in all host bit positions is
reserved for the network address, which identifies the
network.
An IP address that has binary 1s in all host bit positions is
reserved for the broadcast address, which is used to send
data to all hosts on the network.
Class Network Address Broadcast Address
A 100.0.0.0 100.255.255.255
B 150.75.0.0 150.75.255.255
C 200.100.50.0 200.100.50.255

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 Valid Host Addresses
All addresses between Network address and
Broadcast address are known as valid host
addresses.
Only valid host addresses can be assigned to the
devices in a network. These devices include all such
as computes, laptops, IP phones, servers, printers,
switches, routers, firewalls etc.
Block size is the sum of network address, valid host
addresses and broadcast address.
For example, if in a network there are 6 valid hosts
than block size of that network is 8 (1 network
address + 6 valid hosts + 1 broadcast address).

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 Subnet Mask
A subnet mask is used to identify which parts of the
ip address are the network parts and which parts are the
host parts.
e.g. IP 192.168.1.10 Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0
This indicates that the first 3 octet of the IP address are
used to identify the Network and last octet to identify host
address .
Default Subnet Mask

Class A 255.0.0.0
Class B 255.255.0.0
Class C 255.255.255.0

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Octet Values of a Subnet Mask
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255
 Private IP Addresses

Private networks that are not connected to the Internet

may use any host addresses, as long as each host
within the private network is unique.

Class Private Address Range

A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

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 Public IP Addresses
Unique addresses are required for each device
on a network.

No two machines that connect to a public

network can have the same IP address because
public IP addresses are global and standardized.

Public IP addresses must be obtained from an

Internet service provider (ISP) or a registry at
some expense.

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Public IP Addresses

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 Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

• Basically the method that ISPs (Internet

Service Providers) use to allocate an
amount of addresses to a company, a
home
• Ex : 192.168.10.32/28
• The slash notation (/) means how many
bits are turned on (1s)
CIDR Values
 Determining Available Host Addresses
Network Host

172 16 0 0
N

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
00010000 00000000 00000000 1
10101100 00000000 00000001 2
00000000 00000011 3

...

...
...
11111111 11111101 65534
11111111 11111110 65535
11111111 11111111 65536
– 2
2N – 2 = 216 – 2 = 65534 6553423
 Subnetting
 IP Subnetting is a process of dividing a large IP
network in smaller IP networks
 Subnetting is logically dividing the network
by extending the 1’s
 Advantage
 Can divide network in smaller parts
 Restrict Broadcast traffic
 Security
 Simplified Administration
 Type of Subnetting
There are two types of Subnetting FLSM and VLSM.
In FLSM, all subnets have equal number of host addresses and use
same Subnet mask.
In VLSM, subnets have flexible number of host addresses and use
different subnet mask.
Following figure shows an example of FLSM and VLSM.

• FLSM is easy in
implementation and
simple in operation but
wastes a lot of IP
addresses.
• VLSM is hard in
implementation and
complex in operation but
utilizes maximum IP
addresses.
 Formula
 Number of subnets – 2x-2
Where X = number of bits borrowed

 Number of Hosts – 2y-2

Where y = number of 0’s

 Block Size = Total number of Address

Block Size = 256-Mask
Addressing Without Subnets

172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3 172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254

…...

172.16.0.0

• Network 172.16.0.0
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Addressing with Subnets

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

• Network 172.16.0.0
 Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing Table

172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Interface
Network Host 172.16.0.0 E0
172.16.0.0 E1
 Subnet Addressing
172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing Table

172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Interface
Network Subnet Host 172.16.2.0 E0
172.16.3.0 E1
 Subnet Mask
Network Host

IP
Address

Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask
255 255 0 0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
• Also written as “/16,” where 16 represents the number of 1s in
the mask
Network Subnet Host
8-Bit
Subnet
Mask
• Also written as “/24,” where 24 represents the number of 1s in
the mask
 Subnet Mask Without Subnets
Network Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

Network 172 16 0 0
Number

• Subnets not in use—the default

 Subnet Mask with Subnets
Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000

128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Network
Number 172 16 2 0

• Network number extended by eight bits

 Subnet Mask with Subnets
(cont.)
Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000

128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
Network
Number 172 16 2 128

• Network number extended by ten bits

 Subnetting Exercise
Subnet 192.168.1.0 Class C network into two subnet of
128 block.

What are the network addresses?

Network Address Process to find Subnet

Subnet1 192.168.1.0 0
Subnet2 192.168.1.128 0+128=128 Add block size to last octet of
1st subnet
 Subnetting Exercise
What is the subnet mask?

256 – block size = subnet mask.

256 – 128 = 128.
The subnet mask will be 255.255.255.128

Network Broadcast Subnet Mask

Address Address
Subnet1 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.127 255.255.255.128
Subnet2 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.128
 Subnetting Exercise
What are the usable host IP addresses?

The first usable host IP address comes after the network

address.
The last usable host IP address comes before the broadcast
address.
Everything in between is a usable host IP address.
Network Usable IP Address Broadcast
Address Range Address
Subnet1 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.127
192.168.1.126
Subnet2 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.129 - 192.168.1.255
192.168.1.254
 Subnetting Exercise
Subnet 192.168.1.0 Class C network into 4 subnet of 64 block.

What are the network addresses?

Network Process to find Subnet

Address
Subnet1 192.168.1.0 0
Subnet2 192.168.1.64 0+64=64 Add block size to last octet of 1st
subnet
Subnet3 192.168.1.12 64+64=128 Add block size to last octet of 2nd
8 subnet
Subnet4 192.168.1.19 128+64=192 Add block size to last octet of 3rd
2 subnet
 Subnetting Exercise
What are the broadcast addresses?
The broadcast address is the last address within a subnet

Network Address Broadcast

Address
Subnet1 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.63
Subnet2 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.127
Subnet3 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.191
Subnet4 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.255
 Subnetting Exercise
What is the subnet mask?

256 – block size = subnet mask.

256 – 64 = 192
The subnet mask will be 255.255.255.192

Network Broadcast Subnet Mask

Address Address
Subnet1 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.63 255.255.255.192
Subnet2 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.127 255.255.255.192
Subnet3 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.191 255.255.255.192
Subnet4 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.192
 Subnetting Exercise
What are the usable host IP addresses?

The first usable host IP address comes after the

network address.
The last usable host IP address comes before the
broadcast address.
Everything in between is a usable host IP address.

Network Address Usable IP Address Range Broadcast Address

Subnet1 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.62 192.168.1.63
Subnet2 192.168.1.64 192.168.1.65 - 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127
Subnet3 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.129 - 192.168.1.190 192.168.1.191
Subnet4 192.168.1.192 192.168.1.193 - 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255
 APIPA IP Address
Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) is a feature in
operating systems (such as Windows) that enables
computers to automatically self-configure an IP address
and subnet mask when their DHCP server isn’t reachable.
The IP address range for APIPA is 169.254.0.1-
169.254.255.254, with the subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.

When a DHCP client boots up, it looks for a DHCP server

in order to obtain network parameters. If the client can’t
communicate with the DHCP server, it uses APIPA to
configure itself with an IP address from the APIPA range.
This way, the host will still be able to communicate with
other hosts on the local network segment that are also
configured for APIPA.

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