PRINCIPLES OF

EDUCATION AND
TEACHING LEARNING
PROCESS
PREETI SAWANT
DEFINITION
oEducation is realization of self.
- Shankaracharya

oEducation is an all-round drawing out of the best in

child & man-body, mind & spirit.
-Mahatma Gandhi
AIMS OF EDUCATION
Individual aim:
• Development as an individual of a human being.
• Moral & spiritual development.
• Cultural development.
• Harmonious development.
• Promote positive physical development.
• Development of a right personality
• Development of good citizenship
• Development of good leadership
• Emotional & mental development
• Character building, etc
Social aim
• Through education the individual child should be provided
with the require assistance to become a useful member of
the society, irrespective of the socioeconomic status.

• Vocational aim
Education should prepare the child to earn his livelihood so
that he can lead a productive life in the society
Intellectual aim
• Development of intelligence through education will enable the child
to lead an independent life with confidence.

Cultural aim:
• By undergoing education child becomes cultured & civilized
• Cultural development is through development of aesthetic sense &
respect for others’ culture
Moral aim
Moral values like honesty, loyalty, tolerance, justice, self
control & sincerity promote the social efficiency of an
individual

Citizenship
Education enable the children to grow as productive citizens
by following the social & moral standards set by the society
Physical health & well being

Education prepare the child to lead a healthy life through

providing the knowledge required for a healthy living.

Character development
Education assist the child to develop certain human values,
attitudes & habits which are essential for building a desirable
character
Education for leisure:

Education prepares the child to use his leisure time for doing
something useful.
Aims of education as stated by Secondary Education
Commission

• Development of democratic citizenship

• Improvement of vocational efficiency
• Development of personality
• Development of qualities leadership
FUNCTION OF EDUCATION

• Individual functions
• National functions
• Social functions
LEARNING
DEFINITION
• Learning is a process that result in the modification of
behavior.
-J. F. Travers
NATURE OF LEARNING
• Behaviorist View
• Gestalt View
• Hormic View
• Trial and error view
Characteristcs of learning
• It is unitary
• It is individual
• It is purposive
• It is creative
• It modifies the behavior of individual
• It helps in the organization of experiences
• It helps to make choices in life
• It helps to bring changes in life
•It helps in continuous professional development
•It is transferable
• Learning is growth
• Learning is adjustment
• Learning is intelligent
• Learning takes place through trial and error
TEACHING
DEFINITION
• Teaching is stimulation, guidance, direction &
encouragement of learning.
- Burton
PRINCIPLES
General Principles of teaching
Define aim
Learning by doing
Linking with actual life
Principle of Planning
Principles of flexibility & cooperation
Principle of creativity
Principle of motivation
Principle of individual differences
Principle of stimulations
Principle of goal setting
Principle of association
Principle of emotional development
Principle of law of readiness
Principle of attitude
Principle of Law of effect
Law of use and law of disuse
The principle law of Similarity
MAXIMS OF TEACHING
• From known to unknown
• Easy to difficult
• Simple to complex
• Concrete to abstract
• Indefinite to definite
• Particular to general
• Empirical to rational
• Psychological to logical
• Operation to exception
FORMULATION OF
EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES
DEFINITION
• Educational objectives are the results sought by the learner at the
educational program that is what the student should be able to do at
the end of a learning period that they could not be beforehand.
-J.J Guilbert
CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATIONAL
OBJECTIVES
The well-stated objective should be SMART & FOCUSED
Specific  Feasible
Measurable Observable
 Attainable Centered on student
Realistic  Unequivocal
Time bound Sequentially appropriate
Ever relevant
Developmentally appropriate
TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVE
According to level
 Central or general Objective
Intermediate Objective
Specific or Instructional Objective
According to taxonomy
• Cognitive domain objective
• Affective domain objectives
• Psychomotor domain objectives
Cognitive domain objective

• This domain focuses on thinking skills

• These are six levels in the cognitive domain, moving from the lowest
order processes to the highest
i. Knowledge
ii. Comprehension
iii. Application
iv. Analysis
v. Synthesis
vi. Evaluation
AFFECTIVE DOMAIN
• The aspects in the affective domain describe the way people react
emotionally & their ability to feel another living thing’s pain or joy.
• Affective objectives typically target the awareness & growth in
attitudes, emotion, motivation & feelings.
• There are five levels in the affective domain, moving from the lowest
order processes to the highest.
 Receiving
AFFECTIVE DOMAIN Responding
Valuing
Organizing
Characterizing
Psychomotor domain objectives
• The psychomotor domain describes about
obtaining the skills or abilities to carry out
physical tasks such as the skills of a nurse in
catheterizing a patient or operating a mechanical
ventilator.
• Psychomotor educational objectives usually
focus on the expected changes in skills of an
individual.
Psychomotor domain objectives
• Perception
• Set
• Guided response
• Mechanism
• Complex overt response
• Adaptation
• Organization
LESSON PLANNING
DEFINITION
• Lesson plan is the title given to a statement of achievement to be
realize & specific meanings by which these are to be attained as a
result of the activities engaged during the period.
-N.L. Bossing
PURPOSES
• It ensure a definite objective for the day’s work & a clear visualization of
that objective.
• It helps for adequate & appropriate use of resources in an efficient way.
• It keeps the teacher on track.
• It help clarify ideas about what, how, where & when & whom to teach.
• It directs the teaching-learning process & procedures in the right
direction.
• Helps review the subject matter & gives up-to-date knowledge
• It helps the teacher delimit the teaching.
• It provide confidence, self-reliance & freedom to teacher in teaching.
IMPORTANCE
• It provides guidelines to students & the teacher during their teaching-
learning practices.
• It helps in achieving the definite objectives.
• It makes teaching systematic, orderly & economical.
• It gives confidence to face the class.
• It link new knowledge with previous knowledge.
• It prepare pivotal questions & illustrations.
• It enables the teacher evaluate his work as the lesson proceeds. It
helps the teacher use a wider variety of teaching material & learning
activities
PRE REQUISTIES OF LESSON PLAN
• Knowledge & mastery of subject matter
• Knowledge of student psychology
• Knowledge of methods & techniques
• Knowledge about student’s interests, traits & abilities
• Knowledge about student’s interests, traits & abilities
STEPS
• Preparation
• Presentation
• Summarization
• Evaluation and Feedback
FORMAT OF LESSON
• Cover Page: This page must include topic of lesson, date of
submission, name of supervisor & name & details of the presenting
teacher.
• First page: This must include the following basic information
 Name of the teacher:
 Name of the subject:
 Unit:
 Name of the topic:
 Duration:
 Date and time:
 Venue:
 Group:
 Size of the group:
 Method of teaching:
 AV aids:
• Previous knowledge of students: Students have some knowledge regarding
• Name of the evaluator:
• General Objective : By the end of the class, students will be able to
acquire knowledge and develop skills regarding …….. And will be able
to apply the knowledge in day to day life with favorable attitude.

• Specific objectives: By the end of the class, students will be able to:
i. define
ii. explain
iii. enlist
iv. enumerate
v. describe
 Main body of lesson plan
TIME SPECIFIC CONTENT METHOD OF AV AIDS EVALUATION
OBJECTIVE TEACHING
- - INTRODUCTION - - -

DEFINITION

- SUMMARY - - -

- RECAPITULATION - - -
EVALUATION
Assignment
Test: MCQ-5marks
Short answer-3 marks

Conclusion:

Bibliography:
CLASS ROOM MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION
Classroom management is a system of action & activities are managed
in classroom to induce learning through teacher-taught relationship.
Teacher & students are the basic components for managing classroom
activities.
- Operational meaning
PRINCIPLES
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
• Self-control & role model approach of teacher
• Understanding & acceptance of student uniqueness
• Realistic & practical goals of teaching-learning
• Exercising the productive teaching learning activities
• Understanding student’s interest & ability
SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES
• Appropriate planning of classroom management
• Encouragement of students
• Giving responsibility to learners
• Minimum disruption of teaching-learning activities
• Clear guideline of rules for students
• Reward & punishment for student’s activities
• Conducive learning environment
PROBLEM IN CLASS ROOM
MANAGEMENT
• Inadequate light & ventilation
• Inadequate furniture & lack of conducive seating arrangement
• Overcrowded classroom
• Inadequate apparatus
• Lack of routine
• Lack of adequate distance between classroom
• Problem of indiscipline
ROLE OF TEACHER IN
CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT
• Teacher
• Manager
• Leader
• Mentor & guide
• Researcher
• Philosopher
THANK YOU