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APPLIED AERODYNAMICS
Introduction to Aerodynamics and Fundamental
Physical Quantities
(Lecture # 1)

TEXT BOOK: Chapter 2 Section 2.1 Page No: 50-55

Ref Book No :Fundamentals of Aerodynamics by John D Anderson

Chapter 1 Section 1.2-4 Page No: 7-12

Number of Slides: 22

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 TEXT BOOK
Introduction to Flight
By

John D Anderson 6th Ed

3
 GRADING POLICY

Credit Hours 2-0

Quizzes 10-
15%
Assignments 5-
10%
One Hour Tests 35-
40% 4
 GRADING POLICY
Remember!
You don’t earn a
SAFE GRADE if your
overall percentage is
below 45%!!
So work hard right from day
1!!
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 Introduction
• This course is designed as an introductory course in Aerodynamics for
AvE students. The course includes definitions and concepts related to
the hydrostatic equation and standard atmosphere.
• It deals with both incompressible and compressible flows and basic
aerodynamic equations like continuity, momentum and energy.
• The course also includes an introduction to wind tunnel design and
compressibility effects in aerodynamic flows.
• A small introduction to the Boundary Layer concepts and its effects on
the aerodynamic properties is also included in the course.
• Some experiments mainly demonstrative for flow visualization and
wind tunnels will also be covered in the course.
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 Learning Objectives

• Basic Definitions and difference b/w solids and liquids

• Fluid dynamics and types of aerodynamics

• Practical Objectives and applications of Aerodynamics

• Definition of Air and related concepts

• Some Fundamental Aerodynamic Variables

• Q and A
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 Basic Definitions
• Aerodynamics:- It is the branch of dynamics that treats

with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids and of the

forces acting on bodies in motion relative to such fluids.

• Dynamics:- means motion, or we can say that it is the

science of the motion of the gases (air) and the effects of

these motions on various bodies or surfaces in the flow

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 Fluids and Solids
• Fluid:- Any thing which can flow. A liquid is any
substance that can not maintain its shape and acquires the
shape of the container. However more technically, main
difference between solid and liquids can be expressed in
terms of shear stress.

– Solids experience finite deformation against applied shear stresses

– Liquids experience a continuously increasing deformation and
shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of deformation

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 Our Area of Interest
• Effects of Fluid Motion:- Area of interest is quite diverse,
like
– Generation of lift and drag on an airplane
– Wind forces on a windmill
– Aerodynamic heating of the space shuttle

• Fluid dynamics We can say that liquids and gases

behave in similar manner and produces similar effects due
to their motion. So it is the study of fluids in motion.

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 Fluid Dynamics
Due to certain differences b/w gases and liquids,
fluid dynamics is divided into:-
• Hydrodynamics Flow of liquids specially water
• Gas Dynamics Flow of gases
• Aerodynamics Flow of air
Nowadays both flow of gases and air is generally
studied in aerodynamics
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 Types of Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics can further be classified as:-

• Internal Aerodynamics In which the flow boundaries

are restricted like flow of air/gases through ducts, pipes,

combustion chamber

• External Aerodynamics In which flow boundaries are

not restricted like flow over A/C wings etc

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 Practical Objectives of Aerodynamics

Irrespective of the type, aerodynamics has following

objectives:-

• Prediction of forces and moments on and heat transfer to

bodies moving through fluids e.g. Lift, Drag etc

• Determination of flow properties moving through ducts, e.g.

calculation of flow properties through rocket engines, flow

through wind tunnels

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 Aerodynamics Applications for
External Flows

• Airfoil and wing design

• Airfoil and wing analysis

• Analysis and design of wind turbines

• Analysis and design of automobile, ship and sail

shapes

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 Aerodynamics Applications for
Internal Flows

• Design and analysis of channels, ducts, pipes

• Design and analysis of heat transfer devices

(heaters, air conditioners, cooling fans, vents…).

• Biomedical Applications - heart pumps, flow

through arteries, valves, etc.

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 Definition of Air
Aerodynamics is nothing but the interaction b/w moving objects and air

• Air Air is a gas which has very large number of molecules, weakly

attached to each other. It can be studied at two scales.

– Macro Scale i.e. Large scale motion of the gas based on the observations

and measurements

– Micro Scale i.e. study of individual molecular motion based on simple

theories, which can’t be observed like kinetic theory of gases.

• In aerodynamics, we are mainly concerned with macro scale studies and

air is treated as a uniform gas with properties that are averaged from

individual components.
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 Aerodynamic Variables or Physical
Fundamental Quantities
On the macro scale, we deal with large scale effects of which
can be measured. The most important properties of a fluid at
any point (x,y,z) at any time t, in any fluid application are:-
• Pressure
• Density
• Temperature
• Flow velocity and Streamlines
• Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics give us the tools we
need for predicting these properties.
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 Pressure
• Pressure is defined as the normal force exerted by the continuous
matter on a plane placed in the fluid, per unit area of the plane.
• Pressure always acts normal to the plane.
• Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics give us the tools we need for
predicting these properties.
• More precisely, it can be defined as “ the normal force per unit area
exerted on a surface due to time rate of change of momentum of the gas
molecules impacting on the surface”.
• It is a point property and can vary from one point to another. Its
commonly used units are

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 Density and Temperature
• Density: r(“Rho”) Mass of the fluid per unit volume of space as
the volume shrinks to zero. Its commonly used units are:-

Kg / m3 , slug / ft 3 , gm / cm3

• Temperature T: A measure of the kinetic energy associated with

the random motion of the molecules that form the continuous matter.
The higher the KE, higher the temperature. Its commonly used units
are:- o
c, oK, oR, oF

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 Flow Velocity and Streamlines
• Velocity of a fluid particle (i.e. a large collection of
molecules treated as a continuum) is a vector. It has three
components (u,v,w) in the three directions.
• For Fluids, it can be rephrased as “ the velocity of any fixed
point in a flowing fluid is the velocity of an infinitesimally small
fluid element as it sweeps through the point.

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 Flow Velocity and Streamlines
• Streamlines The fixed path traced by the fluid
element. At each point on the streamline, the direction of the
flow is tangent to the streamline.
•Definition Hence it can be defined as “ A streamline is a
path whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the
velocity vector at that point”.

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Q&A

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