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Learning

Learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitudes, resulting in relatively permanent behavioral changes through experience. It encompasses various types such as motor, verbal, concept, and behavioral learning, each with distinct characteristics and processes. Factors influencing learning include learner-related aspects, learning process methods, and physiological conditions.

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22 views25 pages

Learning

Learning is defined as the acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitudes, resulting in relatively permanent behavioral changes through experience. It encompasses various types such as motor, verbal, concept, and behavioral learning, each with distinct characteristics and processes. Factors influencing learning include learner-related aspects, learning process methods, and physiological conditions.

Uploaded by

saba.shabir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning

Definition

• It is acquiring of knowledge.

• Learning is the acquisition of habits, knowledge and


attitude. – Crow and Crow
• Learning is relatively permanent change in behaviour
brought about by experience - Rod Plotnik.
Nature & Characteristics

• Learning is a process.

• It involves all the experiences from birth to death:

produce change in behavior.

• Learning makes change in behavior either +ve or –ve.


Nature & Characteristics

• Learning prepares an individual for adjustment and

adaptation.

• All learning is purposeful and goal oriented.

• The scope of learning is too wide.

• Learning is universal and is continuous.


Types of Learning
• Motor Learning

• Verbal Learning

• Concept Learning

• Discrimination Learning

• Learning of Principles

• Attitude Learning

• Behavioural Learning
Motor Learning

• Our day to day activities like walking, running,


driving, etc, must be learnt for ensuring a good life.
• These activities to a great extent involve muscular
coordination.
Verbal Learning

• It is related with the language which we use to


communicate and various other forms of verbal
communication such as symbols, words, languages,
sounds, figures and signs.
Concept Learning

• This form of learning is associated with higher order


cognitive processes like intelligence, thinking,
reasoning, etc, which we learn right from our
childhood.
• Concept learning involves the processes of abstraction
and generalization, which is very useful for identifying or
recognizing things.
Learning of Principles

• Learning which is based on principles helps in


managing the work most effectively.
• Principles based learning explains the
relationship between various concepts.
Attitude Learning

Attitude shapes our behaviour to a very great


extent, as our positive or negative behaviour
is based on our attitudinal predisposition.
Behavioral Learning

• Behavioral learning has types:

• Associative learning: in which associations are made


between events that occur together
• Classical conditioning,

• Operant conditioning,

• Observational learning: learning by observing others.


Classical Conditioning

• Classical conditioning is a process by which we learn


to associate events, or stimuli, that frequently
happen together; as a result of this, we learn to
anticipate events.
• Ivan Pavlov conducted a famous study involving dogs
in which he trained (or conditioned) the dogs to
associate the sound of a bell with the presence of a
piece of meat. The conditioning is achieved when the
sound of the bell on its own makes the dog salivate
in anticipation for the meat.
Operant Conditioning
• Operant conditioning is the learning process by which behaviors are

reinforced or punished, thus strengthening or extinguishing a

response.

• Edward Thorndike coined the term “law of effect,” in which

behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to

the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are

followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated.


• B. F. Skinner researched operant conditioning by
conducting experiments with rats in what he called a
“Skinner box.”
Observational learning

• Observational learning occurs through observing


the behaviors of others and imitating those
behaviors
• Bandura noticed that children often learn
through imitating adults, and he tested his theory
using his famous Bobo-doll experiment.
Factors That Influence Learning
Two factors that influence learning are

1. Factors Associated with Leaner and

2. Factors Related to Learning Process

3. Physiological Factors
Factors Associated With Learner
1. Motivation:

2. Readiness and will power:

3. Ability of the learner:

4. Level of aspiration and achievement:

5. Attention:

6. General health condition of the learner:

7) Maturation of the learner:


Factors Related to Learning Process

1. Methods of learning:
a. Part v/s whole method
b. Spaced v/s un-spaced method
c. Recitation v/s repetition
2. Over learning:
3. Knowledge of results as feedback:
4. Good physical atmosphere:
Physiological Factors

1. Sense-perception:
2. Physical Health:
3. Fatigue:
4. Time of Learning:
5. Food and Drink:
6. Atmospheric conditions:
7. Age:

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