Scribd
Upload
2 views

Microcontroller Lecture #8

Chapter 5 of BIOEN 442 focuses on arithmetic and logic instructions in microprocessors, specifically using the PIC architecture. It covers addition operations for unsigned and BCD numbers, including the use of specific instructions like ADDLW, ADDWF, and DAW for correcting BCD results. The chapter also discusses the implications of carry flags and provides examples for practical understanding of these concepts.

Uploaded by

lamazah78
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Microcontroller Lecture #8

Chapter 5 of BIOEN 442 focuses on arithmetic and logic instructions in microprocessors, specifically using the PIC architecture. It covers addition operations for unsigned and BCD numbers, including the use of specific instructions like ADDLW, ADDWF, and DAW for correcting BCD results. The chapter also discusses the implications of carry flags and provides examples for practical understanding of these concepts.

Uploaded by

lamazah78
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

BIOEN 442: Microprocessor

Chapter 5 – ARITHMETIC, LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS, AND PROGRAMS

1
Week 8
Biomedical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
Today's topic

0- Course 1- Pic 2- PIC Architecture PIC


Overview /Introduction Microcontrollers:history Programming using
to Computing and features Assembly Language

5-Arithmetic, Logic
3-Branch, Call and Time 4-PIC I/O Port
Instructions, and
Delay Loop Programming
Programs

17- Motor Control:


12-LCD and Keypad 13- ADC, DAC and
Relay, PWM, DC and
Interfacing sensor interfacing
Stepper Motors

2
Today’s lecture
 Code addition instructions for unsigned data
 Perform addition of BCD data
 Using DAW command

3
ARITHMETIC INSTRUCTIONS
 Unsigned numbers are the data in which all the bits are used to
represent data, and no bits are set aside for the positive or
negative sign.

 The operand can be between 00 and FFH (0 to 255 decimal) for


8-bit data.

4
Addition of unsigned numbers
 In PIC 18, WREG register is used to add the numbers together.
one form of the ADD instruction is

ADDLW K ;WREG = WREG + K

 The sum is stored in the WREG register. The instruction could


change any of the C, DC, Z, N, or OV bits of the status
register, depending on the operands involved.

 The effect of the ADDLW instruction on N and OV bits are


relevantly signed number operations. (Discussed later)

5
Example 5-1
 Show how the flag register is affected by the following
instructions.

6
ADDWF and addition of individual bytes

"ADDWF fileReg, d"


Allows the addition of WREG and individual
bytes residing in RAM locations of the file
register
The carry flag should be checked after the
addition of each operand.
Example 5-2 uses location 7 of the file register
to accumulate carries as the operands are
added to WREG. (see the next slide)
7
8
ADDWFC and addition of 16-bit
numbers
 In adding two 16-bit data operands, the propagation of a carry from the
lower byte to the higher byte occurs.

 This is called multi­byte addition to distinguish it from the addition of


individual bytes.

 The instruction ADDWFC (ADDW and fileReg with carry) is used

0011 1100 1110 0111


0011 1011 1000 1101
0111 1000 0111 0100
 When the first byte is added, there is a carry (E7 + 8D = 74, CY = I).

 The carry is propagated to the higher byte, which results in 3C + 3B + 1 =


78 (all in hex). 9
Example 5-3
 Write a program to add two 16-bit numbers. The numbers are 3CE7H
and 3B8DH. Assume that fileReg location 6 = (8D) and location 7 =
(3B). Place the sum in fileReg locations 6 and 7; location 6 should
have the lower byte.
0011 1100 (3C) 1110 0111 (E7)
0011 1011 (3B) 1000 1101 (8D)
0111 1000 (78) 0111 0100 (74)

 Notice the use of ADDWF for the lower byte and ADDWFC for
the higher byte. 10
BCD (binary coded decimal) number system
 BCD stands for binary coded decimal. BCD is needed because
in everyday life we use the digits 0 to 9 for numbers, not
binary or hex numbers.

 Binary representation of 0 to 9 is called BCD (see Figure 5-1) .

 In computer literature, one encounters two


terms for BCD numbers:

(1) Unpacked BCD

(2) Packed BCD.

11
Unpacked BCD
 In unpacked BCD, the lower 4 bits of the number represent the BCD
number, and the rest of the bits are 0

 Example:"0000 1001" and "0000 0101" are unpacked BCD for 9


and 5, respectively. Unpacked BCD requires 1 byte of memory, or an
8-bit register, to contain it.
Packed BCD
 In packed BCD, a single byte has two BCD numbers in it:

one in the lower 4 bits, and one in the upper 4 bits.

 For example, "0101 1001" is packed BCD for 59H.

 Only 1 byte of memory is needed to store the packed BCD operands


12
Problem with adding BCD numbers
 The problem is that after adding packed BCD numbers, the result is no
longer BCD, and must be corrected . Look at the following,

MOVLW 0 x 17 0001 0111

ADDLW 0 x 28 0010 1000


0011 1111 (3FH) which is not BCD !

 A BCD number can only have digits from 0000 to 1001 (or 0 to 9). In
other words, adding two BCD numbers must give a BCD result

 The result above should have been 17 + 28 = 45 (0100 0101). To


correct this problem
 The programmer must add 6 (0110) to the low digit: 3F + 06 = 45H
13
Count.....
MOVLW 0 x 17 0001 0111
ADDLW 0 x 28 0010 1000
0011 1111
0000 0110 (add 06H)
0100 0101 (45H)
 The same problem could have happened in the upper digit
For example, in 52H + 87H = D9H
Again, 6 must be added to the upper digit
52H 0101 0010
87H 1000 0111
1101 1001
(add 06H) 0110 0000
1 0011 1001 (139H) 14
DAW instruction
 The DAW (decimal adjust WREG) instruction corrects the problem
associated with BCD addition.

 The mnemonic "DAW" works only with an operand in the WREG


register.

 The DAW instruction will add 6 to the lower nibble or higher nibble
if needed; otherwise, it will leave the result alone. The following
example will clarify these points

 After the program is executed, register WREG will contain


72H (47 + 25= 72). 15
Summary of DAW action
After any instruction
1. If the lower nibble (4 bits) is greater than 9, or if DC = 1,
add 0110 (6H) to the lower 4 bits.

2. If the upper nibble is greater than 9, or if C = I, add 0110


(6H) to the upper 4 bits

In reality there is no use for the DC (auxiliary carry) flag bit
other than for BCD addition and correction

16
Examine the case of adding 55H and 77H. This will result in
CEH, which is incorrect as far as BCD is concerned

The PIC does not require the use of arithmetic instructions prior
to execution of the "DAW" instruction.

Look at the following case where no arithmetic instruction is used

(0C)

17
Example 5-4
 Assume that 4 BCD data items are stored in RAM locations starting at 40H, as shown
below. Write a program to find the sum of all the numbers. The result must be in BCD.

18

You might also like