CLOUD

COMPUTING
BCS601
CIE Marks 50
SEE Marks 50
Credits 04
 Course objectives:
• Introduce the rationale behind the cloud computing revolution and the
business drivers

• Understand various models, types and challenges of cloud computing

• Understand the design of cloud native applications, the necessary

tools and the design tradeoffs.

• Realize the importance of Cloud Virtualization, Abstraction`s, Enabling

Technologies and cloud security
 Course outcome (Course Skill
Set)
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:

1. Describe various cloud computing platforms and service providers.

2. Illustrate the significance of various types of virtualization.

3. Identify the architecture, delivery models and industrial platforms for

cloud computing based applications.

4. Analyze the role of security aspects in cloud computing.

5. Demonstrate cloud applications in various fields using suitable cloud

platforms.
 Suggested Learning Resources:

Text Books:

1. Kai Hwang, Geoffrey C Fox, and Jack J Dongarra, Distributed and

Cloud Computing, Morgan Kaufmann, Elsevier 2012

2. Dan C. Marinescu, Cloud Computing Theory and Practice, Morgan

Kaufmann, 2nd Edition, Elsevier 2018

3. Google Cloud Teaching Resources – LMS [for practical component]

4. AWS Cloud Developing – AWS Academy Courses [for practical

component]
 Reference Books:

1. Rajkumar Buyya, Christian Vecchiola, and Thamrai Selvi, Mastering Cloud

Computing McGrawHill Education, 1st Edition, 2017

2. Toby Velte, Anthony Velte, Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach,

McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.

3. George Reese, Cloud Application Architectures: Building Applications and

Infrastructure in the Cloud, O'Reilly Publication, 1st Edition, 2009

4. John Rhoton, Cloud Computing Explained: Implementation Handbook for

Enterprises, Recursive Press, 2nd Edition, 2009
 Module-1

Distributed System Models and Enabling Technologies:

1. Scalable Computing Over the Internet

2. Technologies for Network Based Systems

3. System Models for Distributed and Cloud Computing

4. Software Environments for Distributed Systems and Clouds

5. Performance, Security and Energy Efficiency

 SUMMARY
This chapter presents the evolutionary changes that have occurred in
parallel, distributed, and cloud computing over the past 30 years, driven by
applications with variable workloads and large data sets.

We study:

1. High-performance and high-throughput computing systems in parallel

computers appearing as computer clusters, service-oriented architecture.

2. Computational grids.

3. Peer-to-peer networks.

4. Internet clouds, and the Internet of Things.

 SUMMARY
Systems are distinguished by their:

1. Hardware architectures

2. OS platforms

3. Processing algorithms

4. Communication protocols

5. Service models applied

Also introduce essential issues on the distributed systems:

1. Scalability 2. Performance 3. Availability 4. Security 5. Energy Efficiency

 The Early Internet
• What started as a DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) experiment in
decentralized computing communications between two university labs in California in 1970
became the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, INTERNET PROTOCOL
SUITE (TCP/IP) developed as a standard in networking protocol or computer
communication standards, and it is the backbone of today’s Internet.

• With the TCP/IP protocols in place, users had the ability to link hypertext documents in an
information system accessible from any node or computer using the TCP/IP protocol. The
resulting information system or database is today’s World Wide Web.

• With the birth of the World Wide Web, expanded usages of this new technology arose along
with expanded business opportunities. Web servers, people who host and store the
documents and web browsers, companies set up to help you view linked documents, help
The Growth of the Internet

The Internet can be grouped into three distinct

segments characterized by how people interact with
this new technology.

 Web 1.0 - Internet of Connection

 Web 2.0 - Internet of Information

 Web 3.0 - Internet of Value

 Web 1.0 - Internet of Connection
Characteristics of Web 1.0:

 Development of a host of web-based applications, which fostered online services, such as email.

 Content from Administrator.

 Managed by a Central Authority.

 Read-only, information was “pushed” to users.

 Email was the first widely adopted application on the Internet.

 Computers and items for connection became necessities. Technology advancements in

computers brought on changes; floppy disks became hard drives that stored MB, which turned
into GB, which turned into TB. Internet speeds switched from kilobits to tens of megabits per
second to gigabits per second, RAM grew from hundreds of kilobytes to gigabytes, and the dot-
com bubble began. Companies appeared to be attempting to cash in on this new technology;
most notable was a company called Netscape, which developed the first commercial Web
browser.
 Web 2.0 - Internet of Information
Characteristics of Web 2.0:

 User-generated content.

 Read-write, individuals can interact with information.

 Information became siloed (separated from other people or things).

 Data became a commodity (data has become widely available and

accessible to the public, making it a valuable resource that can be used by
anyone.).

Web 2.0 saw emerging marketplaces that brought together unrelated buyers and
sellers in a seamless, low-cost way. Data became a commodity collected, siloed and
sold; we were giving up our information at a frenzied pace. Websites let users
 Web 3.0 - Internet of Value

Characteristics of Web 3.0:

Web 3.0, also known as the third generation of the World Wide
Web, is characterized by several key features that are closely
related to cloud computing.

Decentralization, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), Artificial

Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML), Internet of Things
(IoT), Edge Computing, Open Standards, Security and Privacy,
Autonomous Systems, Real-time Data Processing, Scalability and
 Prerequisites for students
1.Computer fundamentals: Students should be familiar with basic computer concepts,
such as:
• Operating Systems (Windows, Linux, macOS)
• Networking basics (TCP/IP, DNS, HTTP)
• Data structures and algorithms

2.Programming skills: Students should have a good grasp of at least one

programming language, such as:
• Python
• Java
• C++
• JavaScript

3.Database management: Students should have a basic understanding of database

concepts, including:
• Relational databases (e.g., MySQL)
• NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB)

4.Networking and security: Students should have a basic understanding of:

• Network protocols (e.g., TCP/IP, DNS, HTTP)
 Questions for students about cloud computing:
1.What is cloud computing, and how does it differ from traditional computing?
2.What are the benefits and drawbacks of cloud computing?
3.What are the main cloud service models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS), and how do
they differ?
4.What are the key characteristics of cloud computing (on-demand self-
service, broad network access, etc.)?
5.How do cloud providers ensure security and compliance in their
infrastructure?
6.What are the differences between public, private, and hybrid clouds?
7.How do you choose the right cloud provider for a specific project or
organization?
8.What are the common cloud computing architectures (e.g., monolithic,
microservices)?
9.How do you design and deploy a cloud-based application?
10.What are the challenges and best practices for migrating traditional
1.1 Scalable Computing over the
Internet
1.1.1 The Age of Internet Computing

1.1.2 Scalable Computing Trends and New Paradigms

1.1.3 The Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems

1.1.1 The Age of Internet
Computing
1.1.1.1 The Platform Evolution

1.1.1.2 High-Performance Computing

1.1.1.3 High-Throughput Computing

1.1.1.4 Three New Computing Paradigms

1.1.1.5 Computing Paradigm Distinctions

1.1.1.6 Distributed System Families

Scenario: How Netflix Uses Scalable Computing Over the
Internet

Netflix is one of the largest streaming services in the world,

delivering videos to millions of users in different locations.

To do this efficiently, Netflix leverages cloud computing, high-

performance computing (HPC), high-throughput computing
(HTC), and distributed systems.
Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is a model for delivering computing resources
(servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and analytics) on demand via
the internet. It enables scalability, flexibility, and cost-efficiency by eliminating
the need for organizations to own and maintain physical hardware.

High-Performance Computing (HPC) System: A system designed for highspeed

processing and simulation of complex data.

High-Throughput Computing (HTC) System: A system designed for processing

large amounts of data quickly and efficiently.

Distributed Systems
A distributed system consists of multiple interconnected computers (nodes)
working together to achieve a common goal. In cloud computing, distributed
systems enable scalability, fault tolerance, and resource sharing across global
data centers.
Role of Service-Oriented Architecture
(SOA) in Cloud Computing
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) plays a crucial role in cloud computing by
enabling applications to be designed, deployed, and managed as independent,
loosely coupled services.
It provides a framework for building scalable, reusable, and interoperable
services that can be hosted and accessed over the internet.
Example: Facilitates Automation and Orchestration
• Cloud platforms use SOA principles to automate workflows, such as auto-scaling,
load balancing, and event-driven processing.
• Service orchestration allows multiple cloud services to work together in a
coordinated manner.
Example:
An e-commerce application can automatically scale its infrastructure during Black
Friday by orchestrating services like load balancers, databases, and caching
Example: Enables Modular and Scalable Applications

• SOA breaks down applications into independent services

that can be deployed, scaled, and updated separately.

• Cloud providers use SOA to offer modular services like storage

(AWS S3), computing (AWS EC2), and databases (AWS RDS)
that users can integrate as needed.

Example:
Netflix’s microservices architecture is an evolution of SOA, allowing
different services (login, recommendations, streaming) to function
Microservices is an architectural style where an application is divided into small, independent
services that communicate via APIs. Each service is loosely coupled, scalable, and deployable
independently, making applications more flexible and resilient.

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is the world's leading cloud computing platform, providing on-
demand computing resources to businesses, developers, and enterprises. AWS offers a scalable,
secure, and flexible cloud infrastructure that supports various computing needs, from basic web
hosting to high-performance computing (HPC) and AI/ML workloads.

AWS Compute Services

• AWS provides various compute options to run applications efficiently.

Amazon EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud) – Virtual servers for running applications.
AWS Lambda – Serverless computing that executes code in response to events.
Amazon ECS & EKS – Managed services for Docker containers and Kubernetes clusters.
AWS Batch – HPC & HTC workloads optimized for batch processing.

Question: AWS cloud infrastructure

 Three New Computing Paradigms
1. SOA (Service-Oriented Architecture): Enables Web 2.0 services

SOA is a software design pattern where services (self-contained functionalities) are provided
to other components via communication protocols over a network.

Example:
Amazon Web Services (AWS) provides cloud-based services (such as storage via S3,
computing via EC2) that businesses can use to build their applications.

2. Virtualization: Facilitates the Growth of Internet Clouds

Virtualization is a technology that enables the creation of multiple virtual environments on a

single physical hardware system. It is the foundation of cloud computing, allowing users to
run multiple operating systems or applications in isolated environments.

Example:
VMware and Microsoft Hyper-V allow organizations to run multiple virtual machines on a
 Three New Computing Paradigms
3. Internet of Things (IoT): Driven by RFID, GPS, and Sensor Technologies

IoT is a computing paradigm where everyday objects are connected to the internet,
enabling data collection, exchange, and automation. Devices communicate using
technologies like RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), GPS (Global Positioning System),
and sensors.

Example:

Smart Homes (e.g., Google Nest, Amazon Echo) use IoT devices to automate home
functions like lighting, security, and temperature control.

Smart Cities use IoT-enabled traffic lights, surveillance cameras, and waste
management systems to improve efficiency.

Healthcare: Wearable devices like Fitbit or Apple Watch monitor heart rate, steps, and
 Computing Paradigm Distinctions

Centralized computing focuses on a single system handling all

processing.
Parallel computing speeds up tasks by using multiple
processors simultaneously.
Distributed computing spreads processing across multiple
independent systems.
Cloud computing can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid,
leveraging virtualization and scalability.
 Distributed System Families
Distributed systems have evolved from P2P networks to computational grids and cloud
computing.
Grids and clouds enable large-scale computing by sharing resources across distributed
environments.
Massively distributed systems like supercomputers and P2P networks harness extreme
parallel processing.
 Scalable Computing Trends and New Paradigms
Moore’s Law in Action
Example: Intel & AMD releasing faster processors (e.g., Intel Core i9, AMD Ryzen 9).

Gilder’s Law in Action

Example: Growth of 5G networks and fiber-optic internet improving global connectivity.

Commodity Hardware Adoption

Example: Cloud computing services like Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Google Cloud use
commodity servers instead of expensive proprietary hardware.

Distributed Systems & Parallelism

Example: Netflix & YouTube Streaming Services
Distribute content via CDNs (Content Delivery Networks) for faster streaming worldwide.
High Degree of Parallelism (DoP) enables seamless video playback with minimal buffering.