University Institute of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

& ENGINEERING
Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Science & Engineering)
Subject Name: Computer Network
Subject Code: CST-273/ ITT-273

Prepared By :Er. Navjyot Kaur(E8508)

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
UNIT-I
Syllabus
Introduction: Introduction to network, types of transmission technologies, Network Categories: LAN, MAN, WAN (Wireless /Wired),
Network Software: Concept of Layers, Protocols, interfaces and services. Reference Models: OSI, TCP/IP and comparison, Concept of
Topologies.
Physical Layer: Bit rate, Baud rate, Bandwidth, Transmission Impairments: Attenuation, Distortion, Noise; Data rate limits: Nyquist
formula, Shannon Formula, Modulation & modems; Transmission Modes, Multiplexing: Frequency Division, Time Division, Wavelength
Division
Transmission Media and Switching: Twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optics, Wireless Transmission (radio, microwave & infrared);Message
switching, Circuit Switching & Packet Switching.
UNIT-II
Data Link Layer(Flow and Error Control ): Design issues, Error Detection & Correction; Flow control & Error Control; Sliding Window
Protocols, ARQ: Stop & Wait , Go Back n, Selective Repeat ; Examples of DLL protocols – HDLC, PPP;
Data Link Layer (Medium Access Sub layer) Channel Allocation; Random Access: ALOHA, CSMA protocols; Controlled Access: Polling,
Reservation, Token Passing; Examples of IEEE standards(802.2,802.3,802.4, 802.5), Basics of Wi-Fi(802.11).
Network Layer: Design issues, Logical Addressing: IPv4 & IPv6; Packet Formats & their comparison IPv4 & IPv6; Routing Algorithms:
Distance Vector, Link State

UNIT-III
Network Layer(Continue): Congestion Control: Principles of congestion control; Congestion prevention policies, Leaky bucket & Token
Bucket Algorithms.
Transport Layer: Services provided to upper layers, Elements of Transport protocols. Addressing, Flow Control & buffering; Example
Transport protocols: TCP, SCTCP & UDP.
Application Layer and Network Security: Domain Name System, Simple Network Management Protocol, Electronic Mail, World Wide
Web, Basics of authentication, Public and Private Key Cryptography, Digital Signatures and Certificates, Firewalls.
 Chapter 7
Transmission Media
Figure 7.1 Transmission medium and physical
layer
Figure 7.2 Classes of transmission
media
7-1 GUIDED MEDIA

Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit

from one device to another, include twisted-pair cable,
coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable.

Topics discussed in this section:

Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Fiber-Optic Cable
Figure 7.3 Twisted-pair cable
Figure 7.4 UTP and STP cables
Table 7.1 Categories of unshielded twisted-pair cables
Figure 7.7 Coaxial
cable
Figure 7.10 Bending of light
ray
Figure 7.11 Optical fiber
Figure 7.12 Propagation
modes
Figure 7.13 Modes
Figure 7.15 Fiber-optic cable
connectors
7-2 UNGUIDED MEDIA: WIRELESS

Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves

without using a physical conductor. This type of
communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.

Topics discussed in this section:

Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared
Figure 7.17 Electromagnetic spectrum for wireless
communication
Figure 7.18 Propagation
methods
Table 7.4 Bands
Figure 7.19 Wireless transmission waves
Figure 7.20 Omnidirectional
antenna
Note

Radio waves are used for multicast

communications, such as radio and
television, and paging systems.
Figure 7.21 Unidirectional
antennas
Note

Microwaves are used for unicast

communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs.
Note

Infrared signals can be used for short-

range communication in a closed area
using line-of-sight propagation.
Chapter 8
Switching
Figure 8.1 Switched network
Figure 8.2 Taxonomy of switched networks
8-1 CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORKS

A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches connected by

physical links. A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made
of one or more links. However, each connection uses only one dedicated
channel on each link. Each link is normally divided into n channels by
using FDM or TDM.

Topics discussed in this section:

Three Phases
Efficiency
Delay
Circuit-Switched Technology in Telephone Networks
Note
A circuit-switched network is made of a set of switches connected by physical links, in which each link is
divided into n channels.
Figure 8.3 A trivial circuit-switched network
Note

In circuit switching, the resources need to be reserved during the setup phase;
the resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer until the teardown phase.
 Example 8.1

As a trivial example, let us use a circuit-switched network to connect eight

telephones in a small area. Communication is through 4-kHz voice channels.
We assume that each link uses FDM to connect a maximum of two voice
channels. The bandwidth of each link is then 8 kHz. Figure 8.4 shows the
situation. Telephone 1 is connected to telephone 7; 2 to 5; 3 to 8; and 4 to 6. Of
course the situation may change when new connections are made. The switch
controls the connections.
Figure 8.4 Circuit-switched network used in Example 8.1
 Example 8.2

As another example, consider a circuit-switched network that connects

computers in two remote offices of a private company. The offices are
connected using a T-1 line leased from a communication service provider. There
are two 4 × 8 (4 inputs and 8 outputs) switches in this network. For each
switch, four output ports are folded into the input ports to allow communication
between computers in the same office. Four other output ports allow
communication between the two offices. Figure 8.5 shows the situation.
Figure 8.5 Circuit-switched network used in Example 8.2
Figure 8.6 Delay in a circuit-switched network
Note
Switching at the physical layer in the traditional telephone network uses
the circuit-switching approach.
8-2 DATAGRAM NETWORKS

In data communications, we need to send messages from one end system to

another. If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched network,
it needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variable size. The size of the
packet is determined by the network and the governing protocol.

Topics discussed in this section:

Routing Table
Efficiency
Delay
Datagram Networks in the Internet
Note
In a packet-switched network, there
is no resource reservation;
resources are allocated on demand.
A datagram network with four switches (routers)
Routing table in a datagram network
Note
A switch in a datagram network uses a routing table that is based on the destination address.
Note
The destination address in the header of a packet in a datagram network
remains the same during the entire journey of the packet.
Delay in a datagram network
Note
Switching in the Internet is done by using the datagram approach
to packet switching at
the network layer.
VIRTUAL-CIRCUIT NETWORKS

A virtual-circuit network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and

a datagram network. It has some characteristics of both.

Topics discussed in this section:

Addressing
Three Phases
Efficiency
Delay
Circuit-Switched Technology in WANs
Virtual-circuit network
Virtual-circuit identifier
Switch and tables in a virtual-circuit network
Source-to-destination data transfer in a virtual-circuit network
Setup request in a virtual-circuit network
Setup acknowledgment in a virtual-circuit network
Note
In virtual-circuit switching, all packets belonging to the same source and
destination travel the same path;
but the packets may arrive at the destination with different delays
if resource allocation is on demand.
Figure 8.16 Delay in a virtual-circuit network
Note
Switching at the data link layer in a switched WAN is normally
implemented by using
virtual-circuit techniques.