Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
PARTS
Research Design
Respondents of the Study
Sampling Scheme
Data Gathering Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
Statistical Analysis of Data
RESEARCH DESIGN
Is the plan, structure and strategy of
investigation conceived to obtain answers to
research questions
Research design can be thought of as the
structure of research– it is the “glue” that
holds all of the elements in a research project
together.
It is the plan on how to go about the
inquiry or investigation particularly
on how the data are going to be
collected and analyzed so as to meet
the objectives of the study.
Three points needed in a
research design
The Problem (WHAT)
Methodology (HOW)
Analysis and interpretation of
Data
Two types of research
methodology
Qualitative- the questions are how well, how
much or how accurately are the characteristics of
attributes described for a given set of data
Quantitative-conducted to establish relationship,
or to determine causes and effects between or
among variables.
Types of Research Design
Descriptive
Correlational
Causal-comparative
Experimental
Descriptive Research Design
Describe contemporary events and that the
research problems are based on appreciation of
the present state or affairs, they are rooted in the
past and may affect the future.
Describe the nature of a situation as it exists at
the time of the study and to explore the cause of
particular phenomena.
It involves description, recording, analysis and
interpretation of conditions that now exist.
It aims to determine profiles or statuses, assess
attitudes, opinions, views or behaviors, compare
and contrast characteristics of communities,
people, events, discover a cause and effect
relationship, making specific predictions.
Causal-Comparative Research
Attempts to determine the causes or differences
that already exist between or among groups or
individuals.
The design compares two or more groups in
terms of a difference variable that cannot be
manipulated.
Correlational Research
Explores the relationship between or among
variables.
Correlational Coefficients may describe positive
or negative relationship depending on the
outcome of the study.
Experimental Research
Experimental research is the design that can
establish cause-and-effect relationship between
the dependent and independent variable/s.
By experiment, variables are manipulated and
their effects upon other variables are observed.
SAMPLE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study is a descriptive research that seeks to determine the status
and performance of the different public and private secondary schools
in Tarlac City Schools Division.
According to Aggarwal (2008) descriptive research is devoted to
the gathering of information about prevailing conditions or situations
for the purpose of description and interpretation. This type of
research method is not simply amassing and tabulating facts but
includes proper analyses, interpretation, comparisons, identification
of trends and relationships. With this, this study will seek to describe
the current scenario of the secondary school publications so as to be a
basis for further researches and programs that will help alleviate the
performance of schools in campus journalism.
RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
Description of the population and samples.
SAMPLE RESPONDENTS OF THE
STUDY
The respondents of the study will be the school
paper advisers as well as the editors-in-chief,
assistant editors-in-chief, managing editors and
section editors of the different school publication.
They were selected purposively since they are the
ones who have the access in the everyday
operation of the school publications.
There will be a total of six school publications
(three public and three private), that will be
utilized as the target population. These schools
will be selected based on their performance in
campus journalism. These three schools are
considered as the best performing schools in
terms of performance and number of winnings
in conferences.
This distinction was based from the records on
the total number of winnings of school
publications from the division office for the
past three years. For each school there will be
a fourteen (14) respondents --- the school
paper advisers and the editors of the school
publication.
SAMPLING SCHEME
Specify sampling technique
Describe procedure
SAMPLING- the process of choosing a
representative portion of a population.
POPULATION VS. SAMPLE
POPULATION- consists of all the elements
considered in a study.
SAMPLE- any sub-aggregate drawn from the
population.
Types of Sampling Techniques
PROBABILITY-provides equal chances to every
single element of the population to be included in
the sampling.
NON-PROBABILITY- does not use probability in
selecting the samples.
Types of Probability Sampling
Techniques
RANDOM SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING WITH A RANDOM START
STRATIFIED SAMPLING
CLUSTER SAMPLING
Types of Non-Probability
Sampling Techniques
ACCIDENTAL OR INCIDENTAL SAMPLING
THE QUOTA SAMPLING
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
Ideal sample size
Correlational research-30 samples
Causal-comparative and experimental
researches-minimum of 15 cases
Survey research-20 to 50
EXAMPLE OF SAMPLING
SCHEME
The researcher will utilize non-probability sampling
scheme particularly Purposive Sampling Scheme.
According to Sicat (2008), Non-probabilty sampling
designs are employed in qualitative research
designs where the selection of the units of analysis
is purposeful.
It means that the units are selected because of
their characteristics relative to the phenomenon
under study, rather than being selected randomly.
Purposive Sampling will be utilized because of the
purpose of the study, and that is to determine the
status and management practices of secondary
school publications. The respondents will be
selected purposively because the respondents will
be the one who can best provide the information
needed in the research.
DATA GATHERING INSTRUMENT
Describe in detail all data gathering instruments
(tests, interview schedule etc.)
If researcher-made, include info about reliability,
validity, pilot testing and scoring.
EXAMPLE OF A DATA
GATHERING INSTRUMENT
The researchers will use the O’ Brien Learning
Style Questionnaire and Sylvan’s Student
Outlook Survey. To determine the learning
styles of the respondents, the Learning
Channel Preference questionnaire developed
by O’Brien will be utilized.
EXAMPLE OF DATA GATHERING
INSTRUMENT
This Learning Style Questionnaire is being
comprised of three (3) sections, each section is
comprised of ten questions. Each question will
be rated from 1-3 (Never applies to me,
sometimes applies to me, always applies to
me).
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Narrate the process of how the data will be
gathered.
EXAMPLE OF DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURE
To facilitate the data gathering procedure, the researcher will
secure the necessary permits and letters to facilitate the data
gathering procedure to the division office and the school
heads.
The questionnaires will be floated and retrieved
personally by the researcher to the respondents on the same
date. The results will be tabulated, treated with the
appropriate statistical tools and interpreted.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
All statistical treatments used in the study must be so
specified in this section of Chapter III. It is also necessary for
manually computed statistical treatment to specify the
formulae used for computation.
Statistical Treatment
Instruments commonly used
Mean
Median For treating
Mode descriptive data
Frequency
Pearson R (test of relationship)
For testing the
T-test (test of difference)
hypothesis
ANOVA (for multiple variables)
EXAMPLE OF STATISTICAL
TREATMENT OF DATA
The data gathered will be tabulated, analysed and interpreted
using the following statistical tools:
For problem number 1, frequency counts and percentage
will be used to determine the profiles of the respondents.
For problem number 2, the following will be utilized for
Human Resources:
A) For the status of the writing skills of the student writers will
be treated using Average Weighted Mean. The results will be
described using the mean scale below:
Mean Scale Descriptive Rating
4.21-5.00 Outstanding
3.41-4.20 Very Satisfactory
2.61-3.40 Fair
1.81-2.60 Poor
1.00-1.80 Very Poor
MAKING A
RESEARCH
INSTRUMENT
Questionnaire
Is a standardized lists of questions to be asked of
respondents with space to record answers.
Each question is worded exactly as it should be
asked, and the questions are listed in an
established (logical and psychological) sequence.
Questionnaire Components
1. Identification Data
include such data as the research
agency, its address, questionnaire
number, project/code name.
Questionnaire Components
2. Request for Cooperation
is an opening statement designed
to gain the cooperation of the
respondents.
Questionnaire Components
3. Instructions
Refer to the comments or
directions to the interviewer or
respondents on how to use the
questionnaire.
Questionnaire Components
4. Information sought
Is the body of the questionnaire
which forms the major portion of the
questionnaire.
Questionnaire Components
5. Classification Data
Are concerned with the
demographic characteristics of the
respondents.
Types of forces choice response
formats
1. Likert scale, rating scales- respondents
are provided with statements and ask
them to indicate how strongly they agree
or disagree. The format may be verbal of
diagrammatic.
Types of forces choice response
formats
2. Sematic differential formats- this
format consists of choosing adjectives to
represent the two extremes of a
continuum and asking respondents to put
a mark between the two extremes.
 Types of forces choice response
formats
3. Checklists- these consists of a list of
items and respondents are asked to circle
each relevant item.
4. Relevant formats- asking the
respondents to rank a whole set of items.
Types of forces choice response
formats
5. Choosing between attitude
statements- a list of statements about
some attitude dimensions is ranged from
the least to the most favorable.