Introduction:
Fundamentals of
Computer
The present generation is observing a drastic change after
computers came in our lives. Our daily work is handled by
computers in such a way that now our life seems
impossible without computers.
Presented By : - RITIK
BHAGOLIYA
COMPUTER ORAGNISATION ANISIHIKA
PAL
AYUSH
KUSHWAH
HIMANSHU
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Evolution of the
Computer
Hardware: The physical component of the computer
1 which are required to run a computer or run certain tasks.
Ex- Mouse, Graphics card etc.
Software is a collection of instructions that enables the
2
user to interact with the computer and perform tasks. Ex-
Windows 11
3 Data is the unprocessed facts and figures without any
added interpretations.
4 Information is the data that has been interpreted so
that it has same meaning for the user.
HOW DOES A COMPUTER
WORK ?
Characteristics of a Computer
Speed Accuracy Reliability Storage
Computer work at a very Computers are not Computers built with Computers can store large
high speed. The affected by emotions integrated are more volumes of data. A piece
processing and do only what they reliable. They have a low of
Speed of computers is are programmed to do failure rate they do not Information once recorder
the range of millions to Hence they can produce take tea break and sick (or stored) in the
billions Consistent result. leave. computer .
Of instruction per
second.
Weaknesses of the
Computer
No IQ No Heuristics
Computers is the man-made Only computer follow
machine it does not work by its instructions given by user so
own until instruction or computer cannot learn from
command given by user, so Past mistakes or experiences.
computer having no IQ.
Cannot take decisions Ethical Implications
Computer is a dumb machine The use of computers raises
and cannot do any work ethical questions about data
without instruction from the privacy, surveillance, and
user. artificial intelligence.
Functional Components of
the Computer
Motherboard CPU
The motherboard is the main circuit The CPU is the brain of the
board, connecting all other computer, processing instructions
components. and performing calculations.
RAM & ROM Storage
RAM is temporary memory for Storage devices, such as hard
active processes, while ROM stores drives and SSDs, store data
permanent instructions. persistently.
# Memory
Memory is used to store data and interact. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer
where data is to be processed and to give instructions.
Types of memory Units of measurement
There are three types of memory: 1 Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 Byte (B)
1) Primary Memory 1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 Kilobyte
2) Secondary Memory (KB)
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 Megabyte
(MB)
Primary Memory 1 Byte = 8 Bits
Primary memory holds only those data and instruction on which the computer is currently working. It
has limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of
semiconductor devices.
It is the main memory.
There are two types of primary memory
1) RAM (Random-access memory)
2) ROM (Read-only memory)
Secondary Memory
This type of memory is known as external memory or non-volatile. It can be removable, external or
internal storage device.
For example –
1) Magnetic storage device (Hard Disk Drive, Floppy Disk Drive, etc.)
2) Optical storage device (Blu-Ray Disc, CD, DVD, etc.)
3) Flash Memory Devices (Pen drive, Memory card, etc.)
Difference between RAM and
ROM :
#RAM #ROM
Random-access memory Read only memory
• Stores data during and after processing. • Stored by the manufacturer. .
• Stores information temporarily. • Stores information permanently.
• Very fast, but uses a lot of power. • Fast, but uses very little power.
• Volatile • Non-Volatile
Function of RAM and ROM
RAM (Random Access Memory) ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM is the main memory in the computer. The data is ROM is another type of memory permanently store
stored in the RAM can be retrieved or stored. RAM is inside the computer. ROM is non-volatile and holds data
volatile in nature. even the computer is powered off.
Types of RAM
1) DRAM 2) SRAM
Dynamic random-access memory Static random-access memory
• that stores each bit of data in a • that is a type of semiconductor
separate capacitor with an memory that is called static as no
integrated circuit. change or action.
• Less expensive • More expensive
• Consume less power • Consume more power
• Use to implement main memory • Use to implement cache memory
Central Processing Unit
ALU
1 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs mathematical and logical operations.
CU
2
Control Unit (CU) manages the flow of data and instructions.
Registers
3
Registers are small, high-speed memory locations
used for temporary storage during processing.
Thank You
We hope this presentation provided a clear and informative
overview of the fundamentals of computers. Now, you have a
better understanding of these fascinating machines.
