INTRODUCTION
Developed by Soviet union as an
experimental military
communications system in 1970s
The first GLONASS satellite was
launched in 1982 and the system
was declared fully operational in
1993 after Russia commitment to
bring it up since Soviet downfall
Consists of 24 satellites in the
constellation.
GLONASS
INTRODUCTION CONT.’
GLONASS Is a space based global navigation system that
provides reliable positioning navigation and timing services to
users on a continuous worldwide basis freely available to all.
Receivers computes their position in the GLONASS satellite
system using satellites technology based on a triangulation
principle
GLONASS INFRASTRUCTURE
SEGMENTS
• The GLONASS ground segment consists of:
A system control center;
Five telemetry, tracking and command
centers;
Two laser ranging stations
Ten monitoring and measuring stations.
• User segment (receivers)
• Space segment (orbiting satellites)
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
GLONASS Space Segment
Satellites 24 plus
Orbital planes 3
Satellites per plane. 8
Orbital inclination 64.8 degrees
Orbit radius 19,140 km
8/17 of a sidereal (11 hours and
The orbit period
15 minutes)
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
Orbital Planes
120-degree separation btn
every plane
45° displacement
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
GLONASS Space Segment
Each orbital plane contains eight equally
spaced satellites.
One of the satellites will be at the same spot in
the sky at the same sidereal time each day.
Inclinations of 64.8 degrees
Orbital radius of 19,140 km, about 1,060 km
lower than GPS satellites.
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
GLONASS Control Segment
Consists of the system control center and a network of
command. tracking stations across Russia.
Monitors the satellites health.
Determines the ephemeris corrections, as well as the
satellite clock offsets with respect to GLONASS time and
UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) which is updated twice
a day.
COORDINATES SYSTEM
COORDINATES SYSTEM
GLONASS REFERENCE FRAME
PZ90
THE OPEN STANDARD-PRECISION SIGNAL
• Is generated with modulo-2 addition (XOR) of 511 kbit/s pseudo-
random ranging code,
• 50 bit/s navigation message
• Auxiliary 100 Hz meander sequence (Manchester code)
All generated using a single time/frequency oscillator. The
pseudo-random code is generated with a 9-stage shift register
operating with a period of 1 milliseconds.
SIGNALS
The GLONASS satellite signal
The open standard-precision signal is generated with modulo-2 addition
(XOR) of 511 kbit/s pseudo-random ranging code, 50 bit/s
navigation message, and an auxiliary 100 Hz meander sequence
(Manchester code), all generated using a single time/frequency oscillator.
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
GLONASS Signals.
Designation Frequency Description
1598.0625 - 1609.3125 L1 is modulated by the HP (high precision) and the SP
L1
MHz (standard precision) signals.
1242.9375 - 1251.6875 L2 is modulated by the HP and SP signals. The SP code
L2
MHz is identical to that transmitted on L1.
Each GLONASS satellite transmits on a slightly different L1 and L2
frequency, with the P-code (HP code) on both L1 and L2, and the C/A
code (SP code), on L1 (all satellites) and L2 (most satellites).
FDMA
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
Unlike GPS and the other GNSSs, GLONASS uses Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) rather than Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) for its legacy signals transmission
Originally, the system transmitted the signals within two bands: L1,
1602.0–1615.5 MHz, and L2, 1246.0–1256.5 MHz, at frequencies spaced
by 0.5625 MHz at L1 and by 0.4375 MHz at L2.
GLONASS signals include two pseudorandom noise (PRN) ranging
codes: ST (for Standartnaya Tochnost) and VT (Visokaya Tochnost or
High Precision) similar to the GPS C/A- and P-codes, respectively (but at
half the chipping rates), modulated onto the L1 and L2 carriers.
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
Information contained in the signal
Positioning, velocity and acceleration information for computing
satellite locations.
Satellite health information.
Offset of GLONASS time from UTC (SU) [Coordinated Universal
Time Russia].
Almanac and ephemeris data of all other GLONASS satellites. The
ephemerides are updated every 30 minutes using data from the
Ground Control segment
THE NAVIGATIONAL MESSAGE
• Modulated at 50 bits per second
• The super-frame of the open signal is 7500 bits long and consists of 5 frames of
30 seconds, taking 150 seconds (2.5 minutes) to transmit the continuous
message.
• Each frame is 1500 bits long and consists of 15 strings of 100 bits (2 seconds
for each string), with 85 bits (1.7 seconds) for data and check-sum bits, and 15
bits (0.3 seconds) for time mark.
• String 1-4, contains data for the transmitting satellite repeated every frame;
the data include ephemeris, clock and frequency offsets, and satellite
status.
THE NAVIGATIONAL MESSAGE
• The ephemerides are updated every 30 minutes using data
from the Ground Control segment; they use Earth Centered
Earth Fixed (ECEF) Cartesian coordinates in position and
velocity and include lunisolar acceleration parameters.
• The almanac uses modified orbital elements (Keplerian
elements) and is updated daily.
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
The GLONASS satellite signal
Each satellite transmit different frequency using a 15-channel frequency
division multiple access (FDMA) technique.
Using either side from L1 (1602.0 MHz), The center frequency is 1602
MHz + n × 0.5625 MHz
The L2 band signals use the same FDMA as the L1 band signals, but
transmit straddling 1246 MHz with the center frequency 1246 MHz + n
× 0.4375 MHz
ACCURACY
• The standard-precision signal offers:
Horizontal positioning accuracy within 5–10
meters,
Vertical positioning within 15 m (49 ft),
Velocity vector measuring within 100 mm/s
(3.9 in/s)
Timing within 200 nanoseconds,
ROADMAP OF GLONASS MODERNIZATION
FDMA signals CDMA signals
Current Clock 1602 + 1246 +
Satellite series Launch 1600.995 1248.06 M 1202.025
status error n×0.5625 n×0.4375
MHz Hz MHz
MHz MHz
1982– Out of L1OF,
GLONASS 5×10−13 L2SF
2005 service L1SF
L1OF, L2OF,
GLONASS-M 2003– In service 1×10−13 - - L3OC ‡
L1SF L2SF
5×10−14.
L1OF, L2OF,
GLONASS-K1 2011– In service ..1×10−1 - - L3OC
L1SF L2SF
3
Test
5×10−15.
satellite L1OF, L2OF, L1OC, L2OC,
GLONASS-K2 2022– ..5×10−1 L3OC
manufactu L1SF L2SF L1SC L2SC
4
ring
2023– Design L1OC, L2OC,
GLONASS-V - - L3OC
2025 phase L1SC L2SC
GLONASS SERVICES
• Two services are available from GLONASS system:
SPS: The Standard Positioning Service (or Standard
Accuracy Signal service) is an open service, free of
charge for worldwide users.
PPS: The Precise Positioning Service (or High Accuracy
Signal service) is restricted to military and authorized
users.
GLONASS FUTURE AND EVOLUTIONS
We have different evolution in GLONAS
• Glonass
• Glonass-M
• Glonass-K
• Glonass-K2
FIRST GENERATION (URAGAN)
Used 3-axis stabilized pressurized bus with two solar panels, a propulsion module and a payload
module.
Weighs 1,413 kg generating 1000W of power and had a limited design life of 3 years
Gaseous cooling system
Typically launched closely in trios which disabled control segment to control each at time.
The payload consisted of 3 L-Band navigation signals in 25 channels separated by 0.5625 MHz intervals
in 2 frequency bands (1602.5625 - 1615.5 MHz and 1240 - 1260 MHz).
EIRP 25 to 27 dBW with Right hand circular polarized.
Transmits the FDMA signals L1OF L1SF and L2SF. It uses 2 Cs clocks with a clock stability of 5x10−13.
SECOND GENERATION
Improved accuracy, increased power, extended the design life and
adding the FDMA L2OF open signal.
At 1,415 kilograms (3,120 lb), 2 kg heavier than the previous generation,
Have 25% more power 1250 W,
230% more design life (7 years),
Additional signal (L2OF)
Generally improved accuracy.
It transmits the FDMA signals L1OF, L1SF, L2OF and L2SF, with the open
L2OF being new to the Uragan series.
It uses 3 Cs clocks with a clock stability of 1x10−13 (an 5x
improvement over the 5x10−13 clock stability of the previous
GLONASS EVOLUTION
Improved accuracy, increased power, extended the
design life and adding the CDMA L2OF open signal.
Successfully launched on 26 February 2011
3RD First unpressurised GLONASS satellite with
GENERATION a much-reduced mass of 750 kg, that is
700 kg less than that of GLONASS-M
Operational lifetime of 10 years
(GLONASS-K) Improved system's accuracy — including
OR URAGAN-K new CDMA signals in the L3 and L5 bands,
which will use modulation similar to
modernized GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou.
Included CDMA in L3 and L4
Two times GLONASS accuracy
GLONASS EVOLUTION (GENERATION)
GLONASS,
GPS, GALILEO
AND BEIDOU
GLONASS SYSTEM DESIGN
Minimum satellite requirements.
Minimum of four satellites in view
allows a GLONASS receiver to compute
its position in three dimensions and to
synchronize with system time.
32 What does a GLONASS receiver do?
GLONASS receiver allows you to pinpoint your location,
anywhere in the world, based on latitude and longitude
coordinates.
It can tell you in what direction you are heading.
It can show you:
how fast you are going
your altitude
a map to help you arrive at a destination
Cover a wider area in a corresponding poleward direction than that of the GPS
coverage ability due to the higher inclination of the GLONASS satellite orbits
(65° vs. 55° of GPS). So, It’s recommended to use GLONASS in mountainous
regions and higher latitudes.
HOW
• Using GLONASS reference frame
• Triangular principle
TRIANGULATION PRINCIPLE
The process of determining
the location of a point by
measuring only angles to it
from known points at
either end of a fixed
baseline, rather than
measuring distances to the
point directly as in
trilateration.
UPDATES ON GLONASS
31 Jan 2021.
Coverage Global
Accuracy 2.8–7.38 meters
Constellation size
Total satellites 26
Satellites in orbit 24
First launch 12 October 1982
Last launch 25 October 2020
Orbital characteristics
Orbital height 19,130 km
REFERENCES
B. Hofmann-Wellenhof, Elmar Wasle, and Herbert
Lichtenegger. (2007), GNSS – Global Navigation Satellite
Systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and More.
Wikipedia.org
Gssc.esa.int
THANK YOU VERY MUCH
