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gps basics part-1

The document outlines various sources of GPS errors and biases, including elevation, PDOP, SNR masks, and atmospheric delays. It discusses the impact of ionospheric and tropospheric errors, clock inaccuracies, multipath effects, and selective availability on GPS accuracy. Additionally, it covers concepts like differential GPS and user equivalent range error to improve positional measurements.

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ravi kiran
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

gps basics part-1

The document outlines various sources of GPS errors and biases, including elevation, PDOP, SNR masks, and atmospheric delays. It discusses the impact of ionospheric and tropospheric errors, clock inaccuracies, multipath effects, and selective availability on GPS accuracy. Additionally, it covers concepts like differential GPS and user equivalent range error to improve positional measurements.

Uploaded by

ravi kiran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Error Sources

GPS Errors and Biases


Sources of Error
GPS Masks
 Elevation Mask:
Sets the minimum elevation above horizontal to be used(Lowest
should be 15 degrees)
 PDOP Mask:
Allows the recording of positions only when there is acceptable
satellite geometry(e.g., 4 satellites with good precision, or 6
with reasonable precision, or 8 with average precision)
 SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) Mask:
Filters out signals with excessive noise, using only those
satellites with low noise (more accurate). SNR ranges from 0-35;
10-15 is typical, less than 5 is generally considered unusable.
Ionospheric Error
Tropospheric Error
• The tropospheric delay depends on the temperature, pressure
and humidity along the signal path through the troposphere.
Signals from satellites at low elevation angles travel a longer
path through the troposphere than those at higher elevation
angles.
• Therefore Tropospheric delay is minimized at the user’s zenith
and maximized near the horizon.
• Tropospheric delay results in values of about 2.3m at zenith,
about 9.3m for a 15 degree elevation angle and about 20-28m
for 5 degree elevation angle.
Tropospheric Error(conti)
• Tropospheric delay – Dry and Wet.
• The dry component represents about 90% of
the delay and can be predicted to a high
degree of accuracy using mathematical
models.
• The wet component of the tropospheric delay
depends on the water vapor along the GPS
signal path.
Ephemeris Error
• the differences between the true satellite
position and the position computed using the
GPS navigation message.
Clock error
• The atomic clocks in the GNSS satellites are
very accurate, but they do drift a small
amount.
• Unfortunately, a small inaccuracy in the
satellite clock results in a significant error in
the position calculated by the receiver.
• For example, 10 nanoseconds of clock error
results in 3 meters of position error.
Multipath
• GNSS signal is reflected off an object, such as
the wall of a building, to the GNSS antenna.
• Because the reflected signal travels farther to
reach the antenna, the reflected signal arrives
at the receiver slightly delayed.
• This delayed signal can cause the receiver to
calculate an incorrect position.
Almanac and Ephemeris data
• data consist of the approximate position of
satellite continually transmitted and stored in
memory of GPS receiver. From this data,
receiver knows where each satellites is
supposed to be
• Ephemeris data is corrected and exact position
sent by ground monitoring station while
keeping track of satellites orbits.
Selective Availability
• Intentional errors imposed on the GPS signal.
It is a way to degrade the navigation accuracy
of the code pseudo-range.
• Comprised of two parts:
– Dithering the satellite clock (δ-process)
– Manipulating the ephemerides (ε-
process)
Instrumental bias
• The instrumental bias is the difference
between the propagation paths of L1 and L2
signals and is due to the circuitry in the GPS
satellite and receiver hardware. The bias
errors are of the order of ±10nsec.
• We can reduce the bias errors using
estimation or filtering techniques.
Antenna Phase Centre
• GNSS or GPS antenna is a device designed to
receive and amplify the radio signals
transmitted on specific frequencies by GNSS
satellites and convert them to an electronic
signal for use by a GNSS or GPS receiver.
Estimation of total electron content (TEC)

• the total electron content (TEC): the number


of electrons in a tube of 1m^2 cross section
extending from receiver to the satellite .
Geometric Factors
• Dilution of precision (DOP), or geometric dilution of precision
(GDOP), is a term used in satellite navigation and geomatics
engineering to specify the error propagation as a
mathematical effect of navigation satellite geometry on
positional measurement
• PDOP (Geometric Dilution Of Precision): Allows the recording
of positions only when there is acceptable satellite geometry.
Differential GPS
• DGPS receivers improve accuracy using two
receivers because ground-based receivers can
take accurate measurements of the error.
• If the stationary GPS receiver detects the
same satellite signals as your GPS receiver, it
can send you correction data based on its
precisely surveyed location.
Dillution of Precision
• The DOP parameters are defined on the basis
of the errors to characterize the contribution
of the user – satellite geometry.
Various DOP’s
Various DOP’s(conti..)
Various DOP’s(conti..)
User Equivalent Range Error
• It is the Combined effect of satellite clock and
ephemeris, atmospheric propagation,
multipath and receiver noise. It is also called
as User Range Error (URE).
THANK YOU

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