MODULE -I

Introduction to Internet
 History of Internet
 Early 1960’s Computer manufactures had began to use semiconductor
technology in commercial products.
 Time sharing systems allowed computer resources to be shared in rapid
succession with multiple users.
 Computer’s appeared to be dedicated to each user’s tasks despite the existence
of many others accessing the system,
 This led to the notion of sharing computer resources over an entire network.
 The idea of host to host interaction and access to specialized resources by
remote users were 1st realized in ARPANET.
 ARPA- Advances Research Project Agency for the department of defense
 ARPANET was one of the 1st general purpose computer network.
 History of Internet
 ARPA proceeded to implement the ARPANET which eventually evolved into
today’s Internet.
 ARPANET established the first host-host network connection on Oct 29,1969.
 One of the primary goal of ARPANET was to allow multiple users to send and
receive the infromation simultaneously.
 The network operated with a technique called packet switching, in which
digital data was sent in small bundles called packets.
 The address information allowed allowed packets to be routed to their
destination.
 The protocols communicating over the ARPANET known as TCP.
 TCP ensured messages were properly enrooted from sender to receiver and
that they arrived intact.
 History of Internet
Evolution of the Internet
 In 1971 there were 15 nodes in ARPANET
 In 1972 there were 37 nodes
 In October 1972 the 1st demonstration of ARPANET made public at the
International Computer Communication Conference.
 By the early 1990 it become possible for to post information via internet sites.
 In 1994 with the development of WWW, it enabled users to jump from any point
in one document to anybpoint in another document known as “hypertext”.
 History of Internet
 As the Internet evolved, organizations were implementing their own network
for both intra organization and inter organization communication.
 One challenge was to get these different networks to communicate.
 ARPA accomplished this with the development of IP, creating network of
networks.
 The combined set of protocols is now commonly called as TCP/IP
 Models Of Internet
 The internet can be understood through several models that describe how data
flows between systems, how different layers interact, and the principles guiding
the architecture.
1. OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model)
2. TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
3. Client-Server Model
4. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Model
5. Cloud Computing Model
6. Web 2.0 Model
7. The Internet of Things (IoT) Model
 Models Of Internet
OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model)
 The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a set of rules that
explains how different computer systems communicate over a network.
 The OSI Model consists of 7 layers and each layer has specific functions and
responsibilities.
 Each layer performs specific tasks, and communication between layers
happens in a structured way
 The 7 Layers of the OSI Model:
 Layer 1: Physical Layer – Deals with the hardware transmission of raw data
(cables, switches, etc.).
 Layer 2: Data Link Layer – Ensures error-free data transfer between devices
on the same network.
 Models Of Internet
 Layer 3: Network Layer – Handles routing of data packets between different
networks (IP).
 Layer 4: Transport Layer – Ensures reliable data transmission (TCP/UDP
protocols).
 Layer 5: Session Layer – Manages sessions or connections between
applications.
 Layer 6: Presentation Layer – Translates data formats (encryption,
compression).
 Layer 7: Application Layer – Provides network services to end-users (HTTP,
FTP, email).
 Models Of Internet
TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol)
 It was developed in the 1970s and is more simplified compared to the OSI
model. It is the basis for most internet communications today and consists of
four layers.
The 4 Layers of the TCP/IP Model:
 Layer 1: Link Layer – Includes the physical and data link layers, handling
the hardware and protocols for communication between devices.
 Layer 2: Internet Layer – Handles addressing and routing (primarily using
the IP protocol).
 Layer 3: Transport Layer – for data transmission reliability and error
correction (uses protocols like TCP and UDP).
 Models Of Internet
 Layer 4: Application Layer – Encompasses protocols like HTTP, FTP, SMTP,
DNS that allow user-level interactions with the network.
Client-Server Model
 This is a fundamental model for network communication, where one machine
(the client) requests services or resources, and another machine (the server)
provides them.
Characteristics of the Client-Server Model:
 Client – A device or program that requests services (e.g., a web browser).
 Server – A device or program that provides resources or services (e.g., a web
server).
 The server usually has higher capabilities and is always available to handle
requests, while clients initiate the communication
 Models Of Internet
Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Model
 Unlike the client-server model, the peer-to-peer model doesn't rely on a central
server. Each participating device (peer) acts as both a client and a server,
sharing resources or information with others in the network.
Characteristics of P2P:
 Decentralized – There is no central authority; all nodes have equal status.
 Direct Communication – Devices communicate directly with one another,
making it suitable for file-sharing networks.
 Examples: File-sharing systems like BitTorrent.
 Models Of Internet
Cloud Computing Model
 Cloud computing uses a centralized data center to provide on-demand
computing resources (like storage, processing power, or applications) over the
internet.
Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing Models
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – Virtualized computing resources over
the internet (e.g., AWS EC2).
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) – A platform allowing customers to develop,
run, and manage applications without managing the underlying hardware (e.g.,
Google App Engine).
 Software as a Service (SaaS) – Software applications provided over the
internet on a subscription basis (e.g., Gmail, Microsoft Office 365)
 Models Of Internet
Web 2.0 Model
 The Web 2.0 model refers to the shift in the internet from static pages to
dynamic, user-driven content. It emphasizes interaction, social media, and
collaboration.
Characteristics of Web 2.0
 User-Generated Content – Content creation and sharing by users (e.g., blogs,
videos)
 Social Networking – Platforms that allow users to interact and share content
(e.g., Facebook, Twitter).
 Rich User Experience – Web applications designed to enhance user
interaction (e.g., AJAX, dynamic content).
 Models Of Internet
The Internet of Things (IoT) Model
 The IoT model involves a network of physical objects, devices, and sensors
embedded with software, sensors, and network connectivity to collect and
exchange data.
Characteristics of IoT:
 Smart Devices – Everyday objects like thermostats, refrigerators, or
wearables that are connected to the internet.
 Data Exchange – Devices communicate and share data to automate tasks and
improve efficiency (e.g., smart home systems).
 Real-time Communication – IoT systems typically operate with real-time
data processing and analysis.
 Internet Protocols
 Internet Protocol (IP) is a set of rules that allows devices to communicate
with each other over the Internet. It is like the address system used for sending
data.
 Every device connected to the internet has a unique IP address that helps data
know where to go and where it is coming from.
 An IP address represents an Internet Protocol address. A unique address that
identifies the device over the network.
 Internet Protocols
Types of Internet Protocol
 TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
 SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
 PPP(Point-to-Point Protocol)
 FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
 SFTP(Secure File Transfer Protocol)
 HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
 TELNET(Terminal Network)
 IPV4
 IPV6
 UDP
 Internet Standards
Standard bodies for the internet are organizations that establish and maintain
technical standards, protocols, and frameworks to ensure interoperability, security,
and functionality across different devices, networks, and services on the global
internet.
The organizations of Internet Standards are
1. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
2. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
4. International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
5. Internet Society (ISOC)
6. Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
 Internet Standards
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
 The IETF develops and promotes voluntary internet standards. It is responsible
for creating key internet protocols, including TCP/IP, HTTP, and DNS, that
allow devices to communicate over the internet.
 It works through working groups organized by topics, and the outcomes of
these groups are published as RFCs (Request for Comments).
 Website: ietf.org
 Internet Standards
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
 The W3C is responsible for developing standards for the web, including
HTML, CSS, XML, and other technologies essential for web development. It
focuses on ensuring that the web is accessible, interoperable, and standards-
compliant.
 Website: w3.org
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 IEEE is known for creating standards in various fields, including networking
(such as the IEEE 802 family, which defines Ethernet and Wi-Fi standards).
 It develops standards for wireless communication, electrical engineering, and
computer systems.
 Website: ieee.org
 Internet Standards
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 ISO is an independent international organization that develops and publishes
global standards, including those for internet technologies such as security, data
formats, and quality management.
 Website: iso.org
Internet Society (ISOC)
 ISOC was founded in the US in 1992 as a non-profit organization to provide
support on technical development of the Internet. It presently conducts a range of
activities on
 standards
 education
 access, and
 policies.
 Internet Standards
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
 IRTF is composed of a number of research groups whose overall objective is
focused on the long-term development of the Internet.
 It is a parallel organization to IETF.
 The research groups work on Internet protocols, applications, technology and
overall architecture.
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
What is the Internet?
 The Internet is a global network of computers connected. It allows people all
over the world to communicate, share information, and access a huge amount
of data.
 The levels of internet connectivity refer to the different layers or types of
internet connections, which vary based on speed, technology, infrastructure,
and usage scenarios.
 These levels can be categorized in terms of physical infrastructure (e.g.,
broadband, wireless, fiber), speed, or the type of user experience they provide.
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
1. Dial-Up Internet
2. Broadband (DSL, Cable, Fiber Optic)
3. Wireless Internet
4. Satellite Internet
5. Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)
6. Fixed Wireless Internet
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
Dial-Up Internet
 A dial-up connection is established between your computer and the ISP server
using a modem. A dial-up Connection is a cheap and traditional connection
that is not preferred these days as this type of connection is very slow.
 To access the internet connection in the dial-up connection we need to dial a
phone number on the computer and that’s why it requires a telephone
connection.
 It requires a modem to set up a dial-up connection, which works as
interference between your computer and the telephone line. In this connection,
we can use either an internet connection or a telephone at a time.
Levels of Internet Connectivity
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
Broadband (DSL, Cable, Fiber Optic)
 Broadband is a high-speed internet connection that provides faster and more
reliable service than dial-up.
 It does not require any telephone connection that’s why here we can use
telephone and internet connection simultaneously.
 In this connection, more than one person can access the internet connection
simultaneously.
 It is a wide bandwidth data transmission that transports several signals and
traffic types. In this connection, the medium used is coaxial cable,
optical fiber cable, radio, or twisted pair cable.
Levels of Internet Connectivity
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
 Technology: Uses existing telephone lines but can provide faster speeds than
dial-up.
 Speed: Typically between 1-100 Mbps, depending on proximity to the
telephone exchange.
 Limitations: Speed decreases with distance from the exchange.
Cable Internet
 Technology: Use of coaxial cable lines, often provided by the TV Companies.
 speed: Typically between 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps (higher speeds are possible with
newer technologies).
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
Fiber Optic Internet
 Technology: Uses light signals transmitted through glass or plastic fiber
cables.
 Speed: Very fast (up to 10 Gbps or higher, depending on the service).
 Use Case: High-demand applications such as HD/4K video streaming, heavy
online gaming, telecommuting, and smart home devices.
 Limitations: Limited availability in rural areas; generally more expensive.
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
Wireless Internet
 Wireless connections are commonly used in both fixed and mobile settings, offering
flexibility.
 The wireless connection uses a radio frequency band to connect to the internet.
 It is also an always-on connection and this connection can be accessed from anywhere
and speed may vary for different locations.
 It ranges from 5Mbps to 20Mbps.
Levels of Internet Connectivity
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
Satellite Internet
 This type of connection is provided mainly in rural areas where a broadband
connection is not yet offered.
 It accesses the internet via a satellite that is in Earth’s orbit.
 Satellite Internet provides connectivity in remote areas where other types of
broadband are unavailable.
 Technology: Uses satellite signals to deliver internet access, requiring a
satellite dish.
 Speed: Typically 12-100 Mbps, but with higher latency compared to
terrestrial connections.
Levels of Internet Connectivity
 Levels of Internet Connectivity
Broadband over Power Lines (BPL)
 Technology: Delivers broadband internet through electrical power lines.
 Speed: Varies widely, typically ranging from 1 Mbps to 100 Mbp
 Limitations: Not widely deployed, issues with signal interference
Fixed Wireless Internet
 Fixed wireless offers broadband speeds over radio signals, usually through
towers, and does not rely on phone or cable lines
 Rural or suburban areas with no cable or fiber broadband.
 Uses a fixed wireless antenna connected to a local tower.
 Requires a clear line of sight between the antenna and the tower.
 Addressing in Internet
Domain Name System
 DNS is a database system that translates a computer’s fully qualified domain
name into an IP address.
 DNS used to resolve human readable hostnames such as www.amazon.com,
into machine readable IP addresses, such as 207.171.166.48.
 DNS also provides other information about domain names such as mail
services.
 DNS is like a phone book for the Internet.
 When we visit http://www.amazon.com in a browser, the computer uses DNS
to retrieve the website’s IP address,207.171.166.48.
Addressing in Internet
 Addressing in Internet
 When we visit a domain such as www.amazon.com, the computer follows a series of
steps to turn the human readable web address into machine-readable IP address. This
happens every time when we use domain name whether we are viewing a website or
listening to internet radio stations.
1. Request the Information
2. Ask the recursive DNS servers
3. Ask the root name servers
4. Ask the TLD name servers
5. Ask the authoritative DNS servers
6. Retrieve the record
7. Retrieve the answer
 Services on Internet
E-mail
 The email refers to the electronic means of communication of sending and
receiving messages over the Internet. Email is the most common form of
communication nowadays.
Components of an Email
 Sender: The sender creates an email in which he records the information that
needs to be transferred to the receiver.
 Receiver: The receiver gets the information sent by the sender via email
 Email address: An email address is just like a house address where the
communication arrives for the sender and receiver and they communicate with
each other.
 Services on Internet
 Mailer: The mailer program contains allows the ability to read, write, manage
and delete the emails like Gmail, Outlook, etc.
 Mail Server: The mail server is responsible for sending, receiving, managing,
and recording all the data proceeded by their respective mail programs and
then processing them to their respective users.
 SMTP: SMTP stands for Simple mail transfer protocol. SMTP basically uses
the internet network connection to send and receive email messages over the
Internet.
 Cc (Carbon Copy): Additional recipients who receive the email for
informational purposes.
 Bcc (Blind Carbon Copy): Recipients who receive the email without other
recipients knowing.
 Services on Internet
Types of Emails
 Personal Email: Used for informal or personal communication
 Professional Email: Used for business, work-related, or formal
communication.
 Transactional Email: Automatically generated emails, like purchase
confirmations or password resets.
 Marketing Email: Used to promote products, services, or businesses.
Protocols of Email:
Emails basically use two types of standard protocols for communication over the
Internet. They are:
1. POP: POP stands for post office protocol for email.
2. IMAP: IMAP stands for Internet message access protocol
 Services on Internet
WWW
 The World Wide Online (WWW), often known as the Web, is an information
system in which Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are used to identify
documents and other digital resources. URLs.
 The World Wide Web was founded in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, an English
scientist.
 He invented the first web browser in 1990 while working at CERN in Geneva,
Switzerland.
 The browser was first made accessible to other research organizations outside
of CERN in January 1991, and then to the general public in August 1991
 Services on Internet
 In the years 1993–2004, when websites for general use were available, the Web began
to become more widely used.
 The World Wide Web is the tool that billions of people use to interact on the Internet,
and it has played a key role in the development of the Information Age.
Working of WWW
 A Web browser is used to access web pages.
 Web browsers can be defined as programs which display text, data, pictures, animation
and video on the Internet.
 Hyperlinked resources on the World Wide Web can be accessed using software
interfaces provided by Web browsers.
 Initially, Web browsers were used only for surfing the Web but now they have become
more universal.
 Services on Internet
The below diagram indicates how the Web operates just like
client-server architecture of the internet. When users request web pages or other
information, then the web browser of your system request to the server for the
information and then the web server provide requested services to web browser
back and finally the requested service is utilized by the user who made the request.
 Services on Internet
Key Components:
 Web Pages: Documents containing text, images, videos, and links.
 URLs (Uniform Resource Locators): The address used to identify and access
resources on the web (e.g., https://www.example.com).
 Web Servers: Computers that host websites and deliver content to users'
browsers.
 Web Browsers: Software that allows users to view web pages (e.g., Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge).
 Hyperlinks: Clickable links that connect one web page to another, facilitating
navigation.
 Services on Internet
Technologies Behind the WWW
 HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The standard language used to
create and structure web pages.
 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): A style sheet language used to design and lay
out the appearance of web pages.
 JavaScript: A programming language used to add interactivity to websites.
 HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): The protocol used to request and
transfer web pages between browsers and servers.
 Services on Internet
Telnet
 TELNET stands for Teletype Network.
 Telnet stands for Telecommunication Network.
 It is a client/server application protocol that provides access to virtual terminals of
remote systems on local area networks or the Internet.
 The local computer uses a telnet client program and the remote computers use a telnet
server program.
 Telnet is a network protocol and a command-line tool that allows users to remotely access
and manage devices over a network, usually over the internet or local area networks
(LANs).
 It enables users to access and control remote computers, servers, or devices as if they were
physically sitting at the machine.
 Services on Internet
Telnet
History of TELNET
 The Telnet protocol originated in the late 1960s, it was created to
provide remote terminal access and control over mainframes and
minicomputers.
 Initially, it was designed to be a simple and secure method of connecting to a
remote system.
 Telnet’s use has diminished due to security concerns, and alternatives like SSH
(Secure Shell)are now preferred for secure remote management
 Services on Internet
Basic Components:
Telnet Client: A program that allows users to initiate a connection to a remote
server (e.g., PuTTY, command-line Telnet client).
Telnet Server: The remote system or device that listens for Telnet requests and
grants access to the user.
How It Works:
 Telnet allows for remote login to a machine and provides a text-based interface
to interact with the remote system.
 It uses the TCP/IP protocol on port 23 to establish a connection between the
client and server.
 After establishing a connection, users can execute commands on the remote
system as if they were directly using it.
 Services on Internet
Telnet
Advantages
 It provides remote access to someone’s computer system.
 Telnet is easy to set up and use, requiring minimal resources.
 Provides users with direct access to a remote machine’s command-line interface.
Disadvantages
 The biggest disadvantage of Telnet is its lack of encryption, making it susceptible to
security breaches like password interception.
 Some capabilities are disabled because of not proper interlinking of the remote and
local devices
 Due to its security flaws, Telnet is rarely used for secure communications today .
 Services on Internet
FTP
 File transfer protocol (FTP) is an Internet tool provided by TCP/IP.
 The first feature of FTP is developed by Abhay Bhushan in 1971.
 It helps to transfer files from one computer to another by providing access to
directories or folders on remote computers and allows software, data, text file
to be transferred between different kinds of computers.
 The end-user in the connection is known as local host and the server which
provides data is known as the remote host.
 It is one of the oldest and most widely used protocols for file sharing and
remote file management.
 It allows users to upload, download, and manage files on remote servers.
 Services on Internet
 The FTP connection is established between two systems and they
communicate with each other using a network.
 When an FTP connection is established, there are two types of communication
channels are also established and they are known as command channel and
data channel.
 The command channel is used to transfer the commands and responses from
client to server and server to client.
 Control connection: Port 21 is used for sending commands and receiving
responses.
 Data connection: Port 20 is used for transferring the actual data (files).
 Services on Internet
Types of FTP Connections
 Active Mode: In this mode, the client opens a random port for the data connection,
and the server connects to that port.
 Passive Mode: The server opens a random port for the data connection, and the
client connects to that port. Passive mode is often used when clients are behind
firewalls or NAT (Network Address Translation).
Key Features
 File Transfer: FTP supports both uploading (sending files to a remote server) and
downloading (retrieving files from the server).
 File Management: FTP allows users to rename, delete, or move files on the remote
server.
 Binary and ASCII Modes: FTP can transfer files in binary mode (for non-text
files) or ASCII mode (for text files) to ensure correct formatting.
 Services on Internet
Advantages
 Efficiency: FTP helps to organize files in an efficient manner and transfer them efficiently
over the network.
 Directory Browsing: Users can navigate remote directories before transferring files.
 Widely Supported: FTP is supported by most operating systems and file transfer
software.
Disadvantages
 Insecure: FTP does not encrypt data or login credentials, making it vulnerable to attacks.
 No Built-in Encryption: Sensitive information transmitted via FTP is at risk of being
intercepted.
 Virus: The FTP connection is difficult to be scanned for viruses, which again increases the
risk of vulnerability.
 Services on Internet
IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
 IRC (Internet Relay Chat) is a protocol and a set of software tools that
enable real-time text communication over the internet.
 It's one of the oldest and most widely used systems for group chat and direct
messaging.
 IRC allows users to communicate in real-time through text in chat rooms
called channels or via direct messages.
 It was developed in 1988 by Jarkko Oikarinen to facilitate real-time
communication on the Internet.
 Services on Internet
How It Works:
 Client-Server Model: IRC works through a network of servers, with clients
connecting to these servers.
 Channels: Users join channels (e.g., #tech, #music) to engage in group
discussions. Channels are typically open to the public, but some may require a
password.
 Private Messages: Users can also communicate privately by sending direct
messages to other users.
 IRC Networks: There are several IRC networks (e.g., Freenode, EFNet) that
host multiple servers
 Services on Internet
Key Features:
 Real-time Communication: Allows instant communication with multiple
users simultaneously.
 Moderation: Channels can be moderated with access control for users (e.g.,
assigning operators).
 File Transfers: IRC allows file transfers using DCC (Direct Client-to-Client).
 Services on Internet
Advantages
Low Bandwidth: IRC is lightweight and can be run on systems with low bandwidth or
resources .
Anonymity: Users can participate without revealing personal details.
Flexible and robust which allows real time discussion.
Disadvantages
Lack of Security: IRC does not have strong built-in encryption, making it vulnerable to
attacks.
Limited Media Support: It mainly supports text, so it's not as feature-rich as modern chat
platforms like Discord or Slack
 Services on Internet
Search Engine
 Search engines are the software program that provides information according to the
user query.
 It finds various websites or web pages that are available on the internet and gives
related results according to the search.
 They use algorithms to index and rank web pages based on relevance to a user’s
query, providing a list of results for users to explore.
 Popular search engines include Google, Bing, and Yahoo.
 search engine is an internet-based software program whose main task is to collect a
large amount of data or information about what is on the internet, then categorize the
data or information and then help user to find the required information from the
categorized information.
 Services on Internet
How do Search Engines Work
Crawling: Search engines have a number of computer programs that are
responsible for finding information that is publicly available on the internet.
Search engines use "web crawlers" (or spiders) to scan and index web pages.
 Why crawling is important? Your first concern when optimizing your website
for search engines is to make sure that they can access it correctly.
Indexing: Information identified by the crawler needs to be organized, Sorted,
and Stored so that it can be processed later by the ranking algorithm.
 The search engine stores information about web pages in a database, allowing
quick retrieval.
 Search engines don’t store all the information in your index, but they keep
things like the Title and description of the page.
 Services on Internet
 Why indexing is important?
 Because if your website is not in their index it will not appear for any searches this also
means that if you have any pages indexed you have more chances of appearing in the
search results for a related query
Ranking: When a user searches, the engine ranks indexed pages based on relevance to the
query using algorithms.
Key Components:
 Search Algorithms: Complex mathematical formulas that determine the relevance of
search results (e.g., Google's PageRank).
 Database: The index where all the web pages' data is stored.
 Search Interface: Search interface is just an interface to the data base which is employed
by the user to search through the data base.
 Services on Internet
Types of Search Engines
 General Search Engines: Google, Bing, Yahoo – search a wide variety of content on
the web.
 Specialized Search Engines: Focus on specific content (e.g., image search engines
like Google Images, academic databases like Google Scholar).
 Meta-search Engines: Combine results from multiple search engines (e.g., Dogpile,
Metacrawler).
Popular Search Engines
 Google: The most widely used search engine, known for its powerful algorithms and
vast database.
 Bing: Microsoft's search engine, offering features like image search and integration
with Microsoft products.
 Yahoo: One of the older search engines, now powered by Bing.
 Services on Internet
Current Trends on Internet
1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning
2. 5G Technology
3. Privacy and Data Security
4. E-commerce Growth
5. Social Media Evolution
6. Cloud Computing
7. Blockchain and Crypto currencies
8. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):
9. Content Creation and User-Generated Content:
10. Voice Search and Smart Devices