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Chapter 4

Chapter four discusses the measurement of angles in surveying, including the use of theodolites and the preparation steps required for accurate measurements. It covers different types of horizontal angles, directions, bearings, and azimuths, detailing how to determine and express these measurements. The chapter also explains the concepts of back bearings and back azimuths, providing examples for clarity.

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Danbobi Chuluke Dulecha
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18 views21 pages

Chapter 4

Chapter four discusses the measurement of angles in surveying, including the use of theodolites and the preparation steps required for accurate measurements. It covers different types of horizontal angles, directions, bearings, and azimuths, detailing how to determine and express these measurements. The chapter also explains the concepts of back bearings and back azimuths, providing examples for clarity.

Uploaded by

Danbobi Chuluke Dulecha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter four-Angle and Direction

Out line
Introduction
Angle measuring instruments
 Preparing theodolite for measurements
Types of horizontal angle
Direction
Bearing and Azimuth
Introduction

Measurements of angles is basic to any surveying operation.


When angle is measured in horizontal plane it is horizontal angle
when measured in a vertical plane it is vertical angle.
Angle measure needs the following.
1. Reference of starting line
2. Direction of turning
3. Angular value (Value of the angle)
Angle measuring instruments
• A theodolite is an instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical
angle Depending on the facilities provided for reading of observations

Optical Theodolite 2. Digital Theodolite


Preparing theodolite for measurement (Temporary adjustment)

Preparing theodolite for measurement follows the procedure which contains


four steps.
1. Setting up
Initially the tripod is set up at a convenient height and the instrument is
approximately leveled.
2. Centering
It is place up the vertical axis exactly over the station
It is done by means of a foot screw
3. Leveling up
The circular bubble is then accurately leveled with the help of tripod and
The cylindrical bubble of the instrument fairly leveled by using foot
screws to level the cylindrical bubble.
Preparing theodolite for measurement…cont
4. Focusing
This done in two steps.
The first step is focusing the eye piece.
This is done by turning either in or out until the crosshairs are sharp
and distinct.
The next step is focusing the object.
This is done by means of the focusing screw where by the image of the
staff is brought to the plane of the crosshairs.
Types of horizontal angle

1-Interior horizontal angle (included) • 2- Deflection horizontal angles


• Can be clockwise or anticlockwise • Similarly deflection angle can be
depending on the direction of turning deflection to the right (clockwise)
the upper part of the theodolite. See and deflection to the left
fig.1. (anticlockwise). See fig. 2.

fig. 2.
fig.1.
Direction
Direction of a line is the
horizontal angle measured from
a reference line
The direction of a line is defined
by a horizontal angle between
the line and an arbitrarily chosen
reference line called a
meridian/north pole
Types of directions

Bearing and Azimuth


1. Bearing:
Bearing of a line is an angle with reference to north or south direction.
Bearing can be measured clockwise or anticlockwise.
It is measured with reference to North or south.
The range of bearing is (00 - 900) θ = bearing of line AB
written as N <Angular value >E
If θ = 400 15’ we can say that;
Bearing AB = N 40015’ E
Bearing of line AC
A - It is measured from south direction
ß - It will be measured as S < ß > E
If ß = 320 20’ 16’’, Bearing of AC is
S 320 20’16’’E
Bearings
N---W N---E

S---W S---E

Letter at start and end defines the quadrant


Angular value measured from N-S line
Bearing…con’t
Format of bearing
Bearing in the I - quadrant is N <angular Value> E
Bearing in the II – quadrant is S < angular Value > E
Bearing in the III- quadrant is S <angular Value>W
Bearing in the IV- quadrant is N <angular Value> W

4TH
QUAD
FIRST
QUAD Bearing of
OA = N 200 E
O OB=S450E
2ND OC = S 800 W
3RD QUAD OD = N 600 W
QUAD
Bearing…con’t
Back bearing • back bearing from forward
• Back bearing is a reverse bearing. bearing,
For example
• Forward bearing of line AB is N 60 0E B

• Backward bearing of AB is = bearing BA=


S 600 W
To determine the back bearing from
forward bearing:
1. Draw a line parallel to N-S direction at the
end of a line. A
2. Determine the quadrant in which backward
line lies.
3. Mention the back bearing by using
direction and angular value
Bearing…con’t

Example Solution
Find the back bearing of line KT
if a forward bearing of KT is N
52012’15” E

Back bearing of KT= bearing of TK


= S 52012’15” E
Types of directions…con’t

2.Azimuths
horizontal angles measured clockwise from a reference meridian.
Azimuth gives the direction of the line with respect to the meridian.
It is an angle measured clockwise from a reference north.
 It is always measured clock wise and north direction
 Its range is [0,360]
 Unlike bearing the direction will not mentioned
 Azimuth sometime called Whole Circle Bearing
Azimuth

FIRST
QUAD

2ND
QUAD

4TH
QUAD

3RD
QUAD
Back azimuth

• Similarly to bearing the back azimuth is the reverse of forward azimuth


• Back azimuth of AB = Azimuth of BA
• The angular difference b/n forward and backward azimuth is equal to 1800
Example
• Find the backward azimuth of the following lines having forward azimuth
Line Forward azimuth
AB 43 011’20’’
BC 112 0 20’15’’
CD 197 0 18’36’’
DE 320 0 17’40’’
Solution

Back azimuth of CD = Az CD-1800


• Back azimuth of line
BC=112029’15+1800 =197018’36’’-1800
= 170 18’36’’
= 290029’15’’
Example
• Calculate bearing and azimuth of line DE and KT. The lines lies in
which quadrant?
Sol/n
• For DE

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