Arrays

Slides based on material presented by Prof. Mike Scot University of Texas Austin
 Can we solve this problem?
 Consider the following program (input
underlined):
How many days' temperatures? 7
Day 1's high temp: 45
Day 2's high temp: 44
Day 3's high temp: 39
Day 4's high temp: 48
Day 5's high temp: 37
Day 6's high temp: 46
Day 7's high temp: 53
Average temp = 44.6
4 days were above average.
2
 Why the problem is hard
 We need each input value twice:
– to compute the average (a cumulative sum)
– to count how many were above average
 We could read each value into a variable...
but we:
– don't know how many days are needed until the
program runs
– don't know how many variables to declare
 We need a way to declare many variables
in one step.
3
 Arrays
 array: object that stores many values of the
same type.
– element: One value in an array.
– index: A 0-based integer to access an element
from an array.

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
value 12 49 -2 26 5 17 -6 84 72 3

element 0 element 4 element 9

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 Array declaration
<type> <name>[<length>];
– Example:
int numbers[10];

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
valu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e

5
 Array declaration, cont.
 The length can be any non-negative integer.
int numbers[10];

 Each element initially gets a "zero-equivalent"

value.

Type Default value

int 0
double 0.0
bool false
string null
or other object (means, "no object")
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 Accessing elements
<name>[<index>] // access
<name>[<index>] = <value>; // modify
– Example:
numbers[0] = 27;
numbers[3] = -6;
cout<<numbers[0];
if (numbers[3] < 0) {
cout<<"Element 3 is negative.";
}
inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
value 27
0 0 0 -6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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 Arrays of other types
double results[5];
results[2] = 3.4;
results[4] = -0.5;
inde 0 1 2 3 4
x
value 0.0 0.0 3.4 0.0 -0.5

bool tests[6];
tests[3] = true;
inde 0 1 2 3 4 5
x
value fals fals fals tru fals fals
e e e e e e
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 Out-of-bounds
 Legal indexes: between 0 and the array's length - 1.
– Reading or writing any index outside this range will cause an error.
 Example:
int data[10];
cout<<data[0]); // okay
cout<<data[9]); // okay
cout<<data[-1]); // exception
cout<<data[10]); // exception

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x
value 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

9
 Accessing array elements
int numbers[8];
numbers[1] = 3;
numbers[4] = 99;
numbers[6] = 2;
int x = numbers[1];
numbers[x] = 42;
numbers[numbers[6]] = 11; // use numbers[6] as index

x 3

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
numbers
value 0 3 11 42 99 0 2 0

10
 Quick check
 What is output by the following code?
string names[5];
names[1] = "Olivia";
names[3] = "Isabelle";
cout<<names[0].length();
A.no output due to null pointer exception
B.no output due to array index out of bounds exception
C.no output due to a compile error (code can't run)
D.0
E.6
11
 Arrays and for loops
 It is common to use for loops to access array elements.
for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
cout<<numbers[i] << " ";
}
cout<<endl; // output: 0 3 11 42 99 0 2 0

 Sometimes we assign each element a value in a loop.

for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
numbers[i] = 2 * i;
}

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
value 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
12
 Arrays Length
 How many elements array has or what is array length?
 C++ does not have any inbuilt function for length

int numbers[8] = { 0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14 };

int length = sizeof(numbers) /

sizeof(numbers[0])
inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x
value 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

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 Weather question
 Use an array to solve the weather problem:
How many days' temperatures? 7
Day 1's high temp: 45
Day 2's high temp: 44
Day 3's high temp: 39
Day 4's high temp: 48
Day 5's high temp: 37
Day 6's high temp: 46
Day 7's high temp: 53
Average temp = 44.6
4 days were above average.
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 Weather answer
// Reads temperatures from the user, computes average and # days above average.
void main() {
const int days=7;
int temps[days]; // array to store days' temperatures
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < days; i++) {// read/store each day's temp
cout << "Day " << i + 1 << "'s high temp: ";
cin>> temps[i];
sum += temps[i];
}
float average = (float)sum / days;
int count = 0; // see if each day is above average
for (int i = 0; i < days; i++){
if (temps[i] > average)
count++;
}
printf("Average temp = %.1f\n", average);
cout << count << " days above average";
}
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 Quick array initialization
<type> <name> = {<value>, <value>, … <value>};

– Example:
int numbers[] = { 12, 49, -2, 26, 5, 17, -6 };

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
value 12 49 -2 26 5 17 -6

– Useful when you know what the array's elements

will be
– The compiler determines the length by counting the
values
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 "Array mystery" problem
 traversal: An examination of each element of an array.
 What element values are stored in the following array?

int a = { 1, 7, 5, 6, 4, 14, 11 };

int length = sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]);

for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {

if (a[i] > a[i + 1]) {

a[i + 1] = a[i + 1] * 2;

inde 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
value 1 7 10 12 8 14 22 17
 Limitations of arrays
 You cannot resize an existing array:
int a[4];

 You cannot compare arrays with ==

int a1 = {42, -7, 1, 15};
int a2 = {42, -7, 1, 15};
if (a1 == a2) { ... } // false!
 An array does not know how to print itself:
int a1 = {42, -7, 1, 15};
cout<<a1; // [I@98f8c4]

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 Weather question 2
 Modify the weather program to print the
following output:
How many days' temperatures? 7
Day 1's high temp: 45
Day 2's high temp: 44
Day 3's high temp: 39
Day 4's high temp: 48
Day 5's high temp: 37
Day 6's high temp: 46
Day 7's high temp: 53
Average temp = 44.6
4 days were above average.

Temperatures: [45, 44, 39, 48, 37, 46, 53]

Two coldest days: 37, 39
Two hottest days: 53, 48
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 Swapping values
void main() {
int a = 7;
int b = 35;
// swap a with b?
a = b;
b = a;
cout<<a << " " << b;
}
– What is wrong with this code? What is its output?

 The red code should be replaced with:

int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
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 Array reversal question
 Write code that reverses the elements of an
array.
– For example, if the array initially stores:
[11, 42, -5, 27, 0, 89]

– Then after your reversal code, it should store:

[89, 0, 27, -5, 42, 11]

• The code should work for an array of any size.

• Hint: think about swapping various elements...
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 Algorithm idea
 Swap pairs of elements from the edges;
work inwards:
index 0 1 2 3 4 5
value 11
89 42
0 27
-5 27
-5 42
0 89
11

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 Flawed algorithm
 What's wrong with this code?
int numbers[] = {11, 42, -5, 27, 0, 89};
int length = sizeof(numbers)/sizeof(numbers[0]);
// reverse the array
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
int temp = numbers[i];
numbers[i] = numbers[length - 1 - i];
numbers[length - 1 - i] = temp;
}

 The loop goes too far and un-reverses the array! Fixed version:
for (int i = 0; i < length / 2; i++) {
int temp = numbers[i];
numbers[i] = numbers[length - 1 - i];
numbers[length - 1 - i] = temp;
}
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 Array reverse question 2
 Turn your array reversal code into a reverse
method.
– Accept the array of integers to reverse as a parameter.

int numbers []= {11, 42, -5, 27, 0, 89};

reverse(numbers);

– How do we write methods that accept arrays as

parameters?
– Will we need to return the new array contents after
reversal?
...
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 Array parameter (declare)
<type> <method>(<type>[] <name>) {

 Example:
// Returns the average of the given array of numbers.
double average(int numbers[])
{
int length = sizeof(numbers) / sizeof(numbers[0]);
int sum = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
sum += numbers[i];
}
return (double)sum / length;
}
– You don't specify the array's length (but you can examine it).
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 Array parameter (call)
<methodName>(<arrayName>);

 Example:
void main() {
// figure out the average TA IQ
int iq[] = {126, 84, 149, 167, 95};
double avg = average(iq);
cout<<"Average IQ = " << avg;
}
...

– Notice that you don't write the [] when passing the array.

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 Array return (declare)
<type>* <method>(<parameters>) {

 Example:
// Returns a new array with two copies of each value.
// Example: [1, 4, 0, 7] -> [1, 1, 4, 4, 0, 0, 7, 7]

int* stutter(int numbers[], int length){

static int result[5];
for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
result[i] = 2*numbers[i];

}
return result;
}

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 Array return (call)
<type> *<name> = <method>(<parameters>);

 Example:

void main() {
int[] iq = {126, 84, 149, 167, 95};
int* stuttered = stutter(iq);

for(int i=0; i<len;i++)

cout << stuttered[i]<<" ";
}
...

 Output:
[126, 126, 84, 84, 149, 149, 167, 167, 95, 95]
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2D Arrays

29
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 2D Arrays in C++
 Arrays with multiple dimensions may be
declared and used
int mat[3][4];
 the number of pairs of square brackets
indicates the dimension of the array.
 by convention, in a 2D array the first number
indicates the row and the second the column

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 Two Dimensional Arrays
0 1 2 3 column
0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0
row
This is our abstract picture of the 2D array and treating
it this way is acceptable.
(actual implementation is different)
mat[2][1] = 12;
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 What is What?
Int mat[10][12];

// mat is a reference to the whole 2d array

// mat[0] or mat[r] are references to a single row

// mat[0][1] or mat[r][c] are references to

// single elements

// no way to refer to a single column

 How to determine the number of rows and

columns
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 2D Array Problems
 Write a method to find the max value in a 2d array of ints

 Write a method that finds the sum of values in each

column of a 2d array of doubles

 Write a method to print out the elements of a 2d array of

ints in row order.
– row 0, then row 1, then row 2 ...

 Write a method to print out the elements of a 2d array of

ints in column order
– column 0, then column 1, then column 2 ...
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Reference Semantics

34
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 A swap method?
 Does the following swap method work? Why or why
not?
void main() {
int a = 7;
int b = 35;
// swap a with b?
swap(a, b);
cout<<a << " " << b;
}
void swap(int a, int b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
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 Value semantics
 value semantics: Behavior where values are
copied when assigned, passed as parameters, or
returned.
– All primitive types in C++ use value semantics.
– When one variable is assigned to another, its value is
copied.
– Modifying the value of one variable does not affect
others.
int x = 5;
int y = x; // x = 5, y = 5
y = 17; // x = 5, y = 17
x = 8; // x = 8, y = 17
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 Reference semantics (objects)
 reference semantics: Behavior where variables
actually store the address of a variable in memory.
– When one variable is assigned to another, the data is
not copied; both variables refer to the same object.
– Modifying the value of one variable will affect others.
int a1[] = {4, 15, 8};
int a2[] = a1; // refer to same array as a1
a2[0] = 7;
for (int i=0; i<len; i++)cout<<a1[i]; // [7, 15, 8]

inde 0 1 2
x
a1 a2
value 7
4 15 8
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 References and objects
 Arrays use reference semantics. Why?
– efficiency. Copying large objects slows down a program.
– sharing. It's useful to share an object's data among
methods.