Data Collection

is defined as the procedure of collecting,

measuring, and analyzing accurate insights for
scientific investigation using standard validated
techniques
 Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Qualitative data collection looks at several factors to

provide a depth of understanding to raw data.
Qualitative methods involve the collection, analysis, and
management of data, instead of counting responses or
recording numeric data, this method aims to assess factors
like the thoughts and feelings of research participants.
 Qualitative methods of data collection
Individual interview- a verbal technique for
obtaining data direct from the primary
sources.
Paper survey and online survey- set of
questionnaire.
Focus group discussion – interview in a group
setting.
 Qualitative methods of data collection
Observation- is a method under which
data from the field is being collected
with the help of observation by the
observer or by personally going to the
field.
 Types of Observation
Structured- when observation is done by characterizing
style of recording the observed information, standardized
condition of observation, definition of the units to be
observed, pertinent data of observation.

Unstructured- when observation is done without any

thought before observation.
 Types of Participant
Participant – when the observer is member of
the group which he is observing then it is
participant observation.
Non participant- when observing people
without giving any information to them.
 Types of Participant
controlled- when the observation takes place
according to definite pre -arranged plans, with
experimental procedure.

Uncontrolled- when the observation takes

place in natural condition.
 Types of interview
Personal interview- the interviewer ask the
questions generally in a face to face contact to
the other person or persons.
Structured interview- a set of pre decided
question are there.
Unstructured- it doesn’t follow a system of pre
determined question.
 Types of interview
Focused interview- attention is focused on the given
experienced of the respondents and its possible
effects.
Clinical interview- concerned with broad underlying
feelings or motivation or with the course of
individual life experiences.
Group interviews- a group of 6-8 individual is
interviewed.
 Types of interview
Qualitative or quantitative interview- it is divided on
the basis of subject matter.

Individual interview- interviewer meets a single

person and interview him/her.

Selection interview- it is done for the selection of

people.
 Types of interview
Depth interview- it deliberately aims to elicit
unconscious as well as other types o materials
relating especially to personally dynamics and
motivation.
 Qualitative
Experiments – manipulate variables and measure
their effects on other.
Controlled observations
Surveys: paper, kiosk, mobile, questionnaires
 Qualitative
Experiments – manipulate variables and measure
their effects on other.
Controlled observations
Surveys: paper, kiosk, mobile, questionnaires
 Data collection frequency
It is refers to the time-frequency at which data is
collected at regular intervals. This often refers to
whatever time of the day or the year in any given
length of period.
 Steps to Collect Data
1.Determine what information you want to
collect.
2.Set a timeframe for Data collection.
3.Determine your Data collection method.
 Steps to Collect Data
4.Collect the Data.
5.Analyze the Data and interpret your
findings
Different Types of
Graphs
 Graphs are visual representations of data that are used to
communicate, analyse, and interpret information. They serve
as powerful tools for summarising datasets, identifying
patterns and trends, comparing different variables or groups,
and making data-driven decisions. By presenting data
graphically, graphs help make information more accessible,
engaging, and actionable for both experts and non-experts
alike.
Line Graph
Line graphs are ideal
for showing trends and
patterns over time.
They are commonly
used in various fields
such as economics,
science, and finance to
visualize changes in
data over continuous
time intervals.
Line Graph
Line graphs- show how
numbers have changed over
time. Line graphs have an
axis x- axis and y-axis.
Uses: When comparing two
or more different variables,
situation and information
over a period of time.
Side-by-side bar
gRAPH
Side-by-side bar
graphs compare two or
more categories
across different groups
or conditions. They
make it easier to
identify patterns,
differences, and
relationships between
the groups.
stacked bar graph
Side-by-side bar
graphs compare two or
more categories
across different groups
or conditions. They
make it easier to
identify patterns,
differences, and
relationships between
the groups.
Histogram
Histograms are best
used to visualise the
frequency distribution
of continuous data.
They are particularly
useful for identifying
patterns and
distributions within
datasets.
A histogram shows continuous
data in ordered rectangular
columns there is no gaps
Histogram
between the columns. It
displays a frequency
distribution(shape) of a data
set. Histogram looks like a bar
graphs. When the data is
continuous.
When you want to represent
the shape of data distribution.
To summarize large data sets
graphically
Pie Chart
Pie charts are useful
for displaying the
relative proportions or
percentages of
different categories
within a dataset. They
are effective in
showing the
composition of a
whole.
Pie Chart
Pie chart- is a circular
representation of data. Each
section of a pie chart is the
proportionate quantity of
the whole data. The pie
chart breaks down a group
into smaller pieces.
Pie Chart
Pie chart uses:
To show percentage or
proportional data.
When you want to create
and represent the
composition of something.
It is very useful for
displaying nominal or
ordinal categories data.
Scatter Plot
Scatter plots are ideal
for visualising
relationships or
correlations between
two variables. They
are commonly used to
identify patterns and
trends in data points.
Box Plot
Box plots are useful for
visually summarising the
distribution, spread, and
variability of a dataset.
They are effective in
identifying outliers and
comparing the
distribution of data
across different groups
or categories
Pictograph
Pictographs are useful
Monday
for presenting data in
a visually appealing Tuesday

and easily
Wednesday
understandable way,
especially for younger Thursday

audiences or when
Friday
dealing with simple
data sets.
 Pictograph
A pictograph - is the
representation of data using Monday

images. It is one of the

Tuesday
visually appealing types of
graphs and charts that Wednesday

display numerical Thursday

information with the use of
Friday
icon or picture symbols to
represent data sets.
Pictograph
Uses: when your audience Monday

prefers and understand

better displays that include Tuesday

icons and illustrations. Fun

Wednesday
can promote learning.
Its habitual for infographics
Thursday
to use of a pictograph.
Friday
Steps to Create the
Graph Working Model:
Materials Needed:
1.Cardboard
2.Ruler
3.Pencil
4.Craft knife or scissors
5.Colored paper or markers
6.Compass (optional)
7.Protractor
8.String or yarn
9.Small brads or paper fasteners
10.Glue or tape
Step 1: Prepare the Base:

Cut a large piece of cardboard to serve as the base for

your model. This will be the foundation for the rotating
mechanism.
Step 2: Create Four Partitions:

Cut the cardboard into four equal partitions. Use a ruler

to ensure accuracy.
Step 3: Create Rotating Mechanism:

Connect the four partitions in the

center using small brads or paper
fasteners, allowing them to rotate
freely. This forms a square with four
movable parts.
Step 4: Draw Graphs on Each Partition:
•Bar Graph: On one partition, draw a bar
graph with labeled axes and bars
representing different data points. You can
use colored paper or markers for this.

•Histogram: On another partition, draw a

histogram. Ensure the bars touch each
other, representing continuous data
intervals.
•Line Graph: On the third partition,
draw a line graph with labeled axes,
connecting points to represent
trends over time or other variables.

•Pie Chart: On the fourth partition,

draw a pie chart using a compass or
protractor. Label each section with
percentages or data values
Step 5: Attach Strings for
Rotation:

•Attach a piece of string or yarn

to each partition. Ensure the
strings are of equal length and
connect them at the center. This
allows for easy rotation of the
graphs.
Step 6: Display and Demonstrate:
•Set up your math graph working model at
the exhibition table.

•Rotate the strings to display each type of

graph and explain the concepts behind bar
graphs, histograms, line graphs, and pie
charts