Lecture 3: Conditional Statements and Loops
Lecture Contents
• Control Structures
• Sequence Structures
• Decision Structures
• if Statement
• if else Statement
• elif Statement ( Chained Conditionals)
• Nested Conditionals
• Repetition Structures
• Loops
• for loop
• while loop
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Control Structure
• A control structure controls the order in which a set of statements execute
• Sequence Structure
• All statements are executed in a sequential order
• Sequence structure cannot handle all types of real word scenarios
• Decision Structure / Conditional Statements
• Allow to execute different statements based on a condition
• If condition is True execute statement 1 otherwise execute statement 2
• Examples / Types
• if Statement
• if-else Statement
• elif Statement
• Repetition Structures / Loops
• Execute a block of code specified number of times
• for loop and while loop
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Decision Structure : Conditional
Statements
• Conditional Statement
• A line of code that includes a Boolean expression
• Evaluates to True or False
• Includes Relational Operators
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Arithmetic Operators
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if Statement ( Lab Task 1.1)
• if statement is used to execute a block of code based on a Boolean expression
• Syntax:
• Things to Remember :
• if is in lower case
• There is a colon after the Boolean expression
• Body of if should be indented
• Can contain a single or multiple statements in the body
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if Statement Example / Flow Chart
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Problem Solving
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if else Statement (Lab Task 1.2)
• Sometimes we need to execute a specified block of code when condition is
true and another block of code when condition is false
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Problem Solving
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Chained Conditionals – elif
• Sometimes there are more than two possibilities .
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Problem Solving
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Nested Conditional Statements ( Lab
Task 1.3)
• An if statement or an if-else statement can be nested within another if or else
block
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Checking Multiple Conditions
• Logical Operators can be used to combine multiple conditions
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Multiple Conditions – Examples
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Switch Case Statement
• Languages like C , C++ , Java and Others have Switch–Case statement that can
be used as an alternative to elif statement to check multiple conditions.
• Earlier versions of python do no have any switch-case functionality
• The same can be implemented with the help of dictionaries and classes and functions
• Python version 3.10 and later have match-case functionality
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match – case ( Syntax)
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match-case ( Example)
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Problem Solving
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Repetition Structures / Loops
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Repetition Structure
• A repetition structure causes a statement or group of statements to execute
repeatedly
• Two Types
• Counter Controlled Loops
• Number of iterations is known
• A Counter variable is used to count the number of iterations
• for loop is a counter-controlled loop
• Example: Print first 10 odd numbers
• Condition Controlled Loops
• Number of iterations is not known in advanced
• Before each iteration a condition is checked
• while loop is a condition-controlled loop
• For example : play a game until choice ==‘No’
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for loop
• A counter controlled loop
• Can be used to process each element in a sequence
• Strings
• List
• Dictionaries
• Sets and Tuples
• Syntax
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for loop – Examples
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range() – a useful built-in function
• range()
• Creates a type of object called an iterable
• iterable
• An object that contains a sequence of values that can be iterated over
• Used in counter-controlled loops ( for loop for example)
• Syntax
• range( start, stop, step)
• By default , start=0 . It is an optional argument
• stop is required . Specifies the end point. Itself not included
• step specifies the increment. By default, it is 1
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range() – syntax ( Lab Task 2.1)
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Nested Loops
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Nested for Loops
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HCF of Two Numbers
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Print this pattern using for loops
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while loop
• While loop is used when number of iterations is not known
• Number of iterations depends on some condition
• Syntax:
• Example
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Game: Guess the number ( Lab Task
2.2)
• Requirements
• A secret number
• Ask the user to guess the number
• Check if the number matches
• If number is greater – display “ You are too high”
• If the number is less – display “ You are too low”
• Terminate when the number matches with a congratulations message
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Which one is better? for or while loop
• Understandability
• for loop is easy to understand and implement as compared to for loop
• Potential for infinite looping
• Less chances in for loop
• Can run into infinite iterations based on the condition
• Execution time
• Both have initialization , test condition and increment expression
• Actual execution time depends on the logic to be implemented
• Any for loop task can be implemented using a while loop but not vice versa
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Loop Control Statements
• Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence.
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Continue Statement – Examples
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Pass Statement
• The pass statement in Python is a null statement. It does not do anything. It is
used as a placeholder for future code.
• For example, you might use the pass statement to define a function that you
have not yet implemented, or to create a loop that you will fill in later.
• The pass statement is also used to avoid errors in situations where a
statement is required syntactically, but you do not want any code to execute.
• For example, you might use the pass statement in an if statement where you
do not want to take any action if the condition is met.
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pass statement
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break statement-examples
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pass and continue
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pass Statement - Example
The pass statement is a useful tool for avoiding errors and for creating
placeholders for future code.
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while True Loop
• The loop will run at least once
• A break statement is included to quit the loop based on a condition
• If there is no break statement , the loop will continue indefinitely
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Python Literals
• A fixed value that is represented directly in python source code
• Literals are constants that are self-explanatory and don’t need to be
computed or evaluated.
• They are used to provide values to variable or to directly utilize them in
expressions
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References / Resources/
Acknowledgments
• Starting out with Python , 3rd Edition
• Chapter 3 Decision Structure and Boolean Logic
• Chapter 4 Repetition Structures
• https://code4coding.com
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-while-loop/
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