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Stress and Coping

The document discusses various theories of stress, including stress as a response, stimulus, and transaction, highlighting key models such as the General Adaptation Syndrome and the Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping. It emphasizes the importance of stress appraisal and coping strategies in determining individual responses to stress. The conclusion reiterates that stress can be conceptualized in multiple ways and that effective coping strategies are essential for managing stress.

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18 views21 pages

Stress and Coping

The document discusses various theories of stress, including stress as a response, stimulus, and transaction, highlighting key models such as the General Adaptation Syndrome and the Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping. It emphasizes the importance of stress appraisal and coping strategies in determining individual responses to stress. The conclusion reiterates that stress can be conceptualized in multiple ways and that effective coping strategies are essential for managing stress.

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abdikalik6666
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Stress and Coping

ILORI OLUWOLE
Outline

• Introduction
• Theories of stress
• Coping strategies
Introduction
• Stress has been viewed as a response,
a stimulus, and a transaction.
• How an individual conceptualizes stress
determines his or her response, adaptation, or
coping strategies.
Stress as a response model
• Stress as a response model, initially introduced
by Hans Selye (1956)
• describes stress as a physiological response
pattern and was captured within his general
adaptation syndrome (GAS) model
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Model

• This model describes stress as a dependent


variable and includes three concepts:
Stress is a defensive mechanism
Stress follows the three stages of alarm,
resistance, and exhaustion
If the stress is prolonged or severe, it could result
in diseases of adaptation or even death
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Model
Theory of stress as a stimulus
• The theory of stress as a stimulus was introduced in the 1960s,
and viewed stress as a significant life event or change
that demands response, adjustment, or adaptation.
• Holmes and Rahe (1967) created the Social Readjustment
Rating Scale (SRRS) consisting of 42 life events scored
according to the estimated degree of adjustment they would
each demand of the person experiencing them (e.g., marriage,
divorce, relocation, change or loss of job, loss of loved one).
• Holmes and Rahe theorized that stress was an independent
variable in the health-stress-coping equation — the cause of
an experience rather than the experience itself.
Stress as a stimulus
• The stress as stimulus theory assumes:
Change is inherently stressful.
Life events demand the same levels of adjustment
across the population.
There is a common threshold of adjustment
beyond which illness will result
Transactional theory of stress and
coping (TTSC)
• In attempting to explain stress as more of a dynamic
process, Richard Lazarus developed the transactional
theory of stress and coping (TTSC)
(Lazarus, 1966; Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
• Presents stress as a product of a transaction between a
person (including multiple systems: cognitive,
physiological, affective, psychological, neurological) and
his or her complex environment.
• Stress as a transaction was introduced with the most impact
when Dr. Susan Kobasa first used the concept of hardiness
(Kobasa, 1979)
Transactional theory of stress
• Hardiness refers to a pattern of personality
characteristics that distinguishes people who
remain healthy under life stress compared
with those who develop health problems
Theories of stress as response, stimulus, and transaction
Stress appraisal
• Lazarus and Folkman (1984) unpacked the concept of
interpretation further in their model of stress appraisal, which
includes primary, secondary, and reappraisal components
• Primary appraisal involves determining whether the stressor
poses a threat.
• Secondary appraisal involves the individual’s evaluation of the
resources or coping strategies at his or her disposal for
addressing any perceived threats.
• The process of reappraisal is ongoing and involves continually
reappraising both the nature of the stressor and the resources
available for responding to the stressor.
The Transactional Theory of Stress and
Coping, by J. Walinga.
Stress coping
• Stress coping: implies a more specific process of
cognitive appraisal to determine whether an
individual believes he or she has the resources to
respond effectively to the challenges of a
stressor or change
(Folkman & Lazarus, 1988; Lazarus & Folkman, 1987)
Coping with Stress
COPE Inventory: The COPE inventory scale
of coping techniques
Conclusion
• Stress can be considered as a stimulus, a
response or a transaction
• Our appraisal of the stressful situation would
largely determine response
• Coping strategies abound to handle stress
References

• Holmes, T., & Rahe, R. (1967). The Social Reajustment


Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 12,(4),
p. 213–233.
• Kobasa, S. C. (1982). The hardy personality: Toward a
social psychology of stress and health. In G. Sanders & J.
Suls (Eds), social Psychology of Health and Illness (p. 3-
32). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Courington, S. (1981).
Personality and constitution as mediators in the stress-
illness relationship. Journal of Health and Social
Behavior 22(4), 368–378..
References
• Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness
and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology 42(1), 168–177
• Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., Puccetti, M. C., & Zola, M. A.
(1985). Effectiveness of hardiness, exercise and social
support as resources against illness. Journal of
Psychosomatic Research 29(5), 525–533.
• Lazarus, R. S. (1966). Psychological stress and the coping
process. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Lazarus, R. S. (1999). Stress and emotion: A new
synthesis. New York: Springer.
References
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress,
appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1987).
Transactional theory and research on
emotions and coping. European Journal of
Personality, 1, 141–169.
• Walinga J (2014). Stress, health and coping: in
Introduction to psychology, 1st Canadian
Edition. Pressbooks. 16.2
• THANK YOU FOR LISTENING.

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