Debre Markos

University
Institute of Technology

Electrical and Computer

Engineering Department
Introduction to Power Systems

Chapter one
 Introduction

 Electrical power engineering is concerned with generation, transmission,

distribution and utilization of electric energy.

 Electrical Power engineers are involved in:
 Planning,
 Research,
 Design,
 Development,
 Construction,
 Cont…

 Installation,
 Testing,
 Operation,
 Control and maintenance of electrical systems,
 Machines and equipment for safe,
 Reliable and economic generation, transmission, distribution and
control of electrical energy.

 They also play an increasing role in real time electricity

quality, pricing and other economic aspects of the system.
Fundamentals of power systems AC transmission

 Power system is defined as a network of one or more

generating units, loads and power transmission lines including
the associated equipments connected to it.
 Power system have a high level of interconnection and operate
over a wide range of voltages.
 Simple Power System

 Every power system has three major components

Generation: source of power, ideally with a

specified voltage and frequency

Load: consumes power; ideally with a constant

resistive value

Transmission and Distribution system: transmits

power; ideally as a perfect conductor
 Power System Generation
Takes place in power plants which may be geographically
dispersed.
A power plant may house more than one generating unit.
 Types of generating units
Most of the power plants are classified based on energy
resource.
 hydrocarbons((thermal )oil, coal,(gas turbine)natural gas)
 Water
 Solar
 Nuclear
 Chemical(battery &other resource(fuel cell))
 Wind
 Tidal (ocean type generating electrical energy)
Types of Power System Generation

Hydro

Geothermal

Nuclear

Thermal

Solar

Wind
 Hydro-power

Hydroelectric power generation involves the storage of a

hydraulic fluid, water, conversion of the hydraulic (potential)
energy of the fluid into mechanical (kinetic) energy in a
hydraulic turbine, and conversion of the mechanical energy to
electrical energy in an electric generator.

The term hydro-power is usually restricted to the generation of

shaft power from falling water.

The power is then used for direct mechanical purposes to drive

the turbine or, more frequently, for generating electricity.
Hydropower Generation
 Hydro-power
Tekeze-300MW
Gilgel Gibe II
 Thermal generating plant

Thermal generating plants are designed and

constructed to convert energy from fuel (coal, oil,
gas, or radiation) into electric power.

The actual conversion is accomplished by a turbine-

driven generator.

The plant will always produce electric energy. The

things that may change are the fuel used (coal, oil,
or gas) and environmental requirements.
 Solar Energy
 The major source of renewable energy is the sun which is
converted into different forms, e.g., solar radiation, wind,
wave, etc.
 The solar energy is distributed over the earth atmosphere
through a number of complex processes.

Concentrator Systems
 Wind Power

The wind is a free, clean, and inexhaustible energy

source.
Denmark was the first country to use wind for
generation of electricity.
One of the most critical features of wind generation
is the variability of wind.
Wind speeds vary with time of day, time of year,
height above ground, and location on the earth’s
surface.
 Wind Power
The wind is solar power in mechanical form.
Wind energy is created by the uneven heating of the earth by
the sun;
Wind’s velocity and direction depend on the imposed
pressure gradients, plus certain other forces, plus the local
geography.
.
 Geothermal
 Geothermal energy originates from the inner core of the
earth and it is evident on the earth's surface in the forms of
volcanoes, geysers, and hot springs.

 It is known that the largest geothermal resource in Africa

(i.e >1000 MW) is available in Ethiopia.
Geothermal Resource Map
Geothermal
Geothermal Aluto
HV-Substation
Future tie line connection to other control areas
which then require highly secured system.
Vertical Monopolies

 Within a particular geographic market, the electric

utility had an exclusive franchise.

Generation In return for this exclusive

franchise, the utility had the
Transmission obligation to serve all
existing and future customers
Distribution at rates determined jointly
by utility and regulators
Customer Service
It was a “cost plus” business
 Power transmission

 Transmission networks:
 Connect generating plants to consumption points.
 Interconnect power pools
 HVAC
 HVDC
 High voltage transmission offers;
 Lower transmission losses
 Lower line voltage drop
 High transmission capacity
 Lower capital and operating cost
Power transmission equipments

 Transformer
• Step up transformer
• Step down transformer
• Potential transformer
• Current transformer
 Transmission lines
• Circuit breakers and isolators
• Shunt and series reactors and capacitors
• Lighting arrestors
Flow of Generation, Transmission and
Distribution
Cont…
Cont…
Distribution system general

 Receives electrical energy from the HV/MV levels.

 supplies energy to consumers
 At MV/LV levels
 Single phase and/or three phase
 Main equipment in the distribution system;
 Distribution transformer
 Feeder
 Switches
 Fuses
 Protective relays,lighting arrester,CT and PT.
Cont…
Some of the Transmission Line in EEPCO
Cont…
Three Phase Transmission Line
Load dispatch center/ LDC
Major component of the power system

Power Transformer
Why step-up and step-down voltage necessary?

To transmit hundreds of megawatts of power

efficiently over long distances
Power at low voltages is also necessary to be used
at a safe level in home appliances and most
industrial equipment.
Power transformers can be classified as:

Step-up transformers to be connected between the

generator and the transmission line.

Step-down transformers connected between the

transmission line and various electrical loads.

The transformer consists of two or more insulated

windings wrapped around an iron core. By definition, the
primary winding is the input winding, and the secondary
winding is the output winding
 Example 230/132 kV Transformer

230 kV 132 kV
surge surge
arrestors arrestors

Oil Cooler
Oil
Radiators
pump
W/Fans
Power transformers
Some other types of transformers are used in measuring
voltage, current, and power flow in the power system.
The majorities are potential transformers and current
transformers.
Potential transformers (PT) are single-phase transformers of
special design, which step down the voltage to be measured to
a safe value.
Current transformers (CT) step down the currents and have
insulation adequate to isolate metering equipment and
personnel from the line voltage.
One terminal of the secondary of both potential and current
transformers is usually grounded for safety.
Power System Representation

A balanced three-phase system is solved as a single-phase

circuit made of one line and the neutral return.

Standard symbols are used to indicate the various

components. The simplified one-line diagram is called the
single-line diagram.

A further advantage of the one-line diagram is in the power

flow studies.

From the one-line diagram the impedance, or reactance,

diagram can be conveniently developed, as shown below.
Symbolic Representation of Elements of
a Power System.
A One-Line Diagram of a Portion of a Power System.

The components are: generators, transformers,

transmission lines, and loads.
Equivalent Circuit and Impedance Diagram

 The equivalent circuit of the components Figure 1(a) based

on the following assumption
• A generator can be represented by a voltage source in series
with an inductive reactance. The internal resistance of the
generator is negligible compared to the reactance.
• The motor load is inductive.
• The static load has a lagging power factor.
• A transformer is represented by a series impedance on a per
phase basis.
 Equivalent Circuit and Impedance Diagram

The transmission line is of medium length and can be

represented by a T section.

Fig 1(a) Impedance Diagram

Equivalent Circuit and Reactance Diagram

Fig 1(b) Corresponding Reactance Diagram

 Example

 Show the one-line diagram of a very simple power

system that has two generators, one grounded through
a reactor and one through a resistor, are connected to
a bus and through a step-up transformer to a
transmission line. Another generator, grounded
through a reactor, is connected to a bus and through a
transformer to the opposite end of the transmission
line. A load is connected to each bus. Show the
Equivalent One-line diagram
One-line diagram

Equivalent Circuit and Impedance Diagram

Equivalent Circuit and Reactance Diagram

Equivalent Circuit and Impedance Diagram
 Per-unit quantities

Objectives
At the end of this class students will be able to
o Draw the impedance or reactance diagram of a PS
o Calculate per unit value of power system quantities
o Identify the base values from PU values
o Change the base of PU quantities
 Per- unit Quantities

• Power transmission lines are operated at voltage

levels where the kilovolt(KV) is the most convenient
unit to express voltage.
• Because of the large amount of power transmitted,
kilowatts or megawatts and kilo volt amperes or mega
volt amperes are the common terms.
• However, these quantities as well as amperes and
ohms are often expressed as a percent or per unit of a
base or reference value specified for each.
• If a base voltage of 120 KV is chosen,volages of
108,120 and 126 KV becomes 0.9,1.0 and 1.05 pu or
90,100 and 105 % respectively.
 Per unit quantities cont…
• The per unit value of any quantity is defined as the
ratio of the quantity to its base expressed as a decimal.
• The ratio in percent is 100 times the values in per unit.
• Both the percent and per unit methods of calculation
are simpler and often more informative than the use
of actual amperes ,ohms, and volts.
• The per unit method has an advantage over the percent
method b/c the product of two quantities expressed in
PU is expressed in PU itself. But the product of two
quantities expressed in percent must be divided by 100
to obtain the result in percent.
 Per unit quantities cont…
• For single phase system, or three-phase systems
where the term current refers to line current, where
the term voltage refers to voltage to neutral and
where the term kilovolt amperes refers to kilovolt
amperes per phase, the following formulas relate the
various quantities
 Per unit quantities cont…

• Since balanced 3 phase circuits are solved as a single

line With a neutral return, the bases for quantities in
the impedance Diagram are kilo volt-amperes per
phase and kilovolts from Line to neutral.
 Per unit quantities cont…

• Data are usually given as total 3 phase

kilovoltamperes or mega volamperes and line to line
kilo volts.
 The per unit value of a line to neutral voltage on the
line to neutral voltage base is equal to the per unit
value of the line to line voltage at the same point on
the line to line voltage base if the system is
balanced.
Per unit quantities cont…
o Similarly, the 3 phase kilo volt amperes is three
times the kilo volt amperes per phase, and the 3
phase kilo volt amperes base is 3 times the base kilo
volt amperes per phase.
o Therefore, the PU value of the 3 phase kilo volt amperes
on the 3 phase kilovolt ampere base is identical to the PU
value of the kilo volt amperes per phase on the kilo volt
amperes per phase base.
A numerical example clarifies the relationship. For instance if
Base KVA(3 phase) =30,000 KVA & base KV(LL)=120 kv
Base KVA(1 phase) = 10,000KVA & base KV(LN)=120/1.7..=69.2KV
For an actual line to line voltage of 108 KV, line to neutral voltage
108/1.7.. = 62.3 KV
Per unit quantities cont…

PU Voltage =108/120 = 0.9

PU Voltage = 62.3/69.2 = 0.9

For total 3 phase power of 18,000 KW the power per

phase is 6000KW,and
PU Power =18,000/30,000
= 6000/10000
= 0.6
 Per unit quantities cont…
• If we interpret base KV amperes and base volages in KV to
mean base KVA for the total of the 3 phases and base
voltages from line to line ,we find

From eqn.
 Per unit quantities cont…

Changing the base of per unit quantities

• Sometimes the per unit impedance of a component of
a system is expressed on a base other than the one
selected as base for the part of the system in Which
the component is located.
• Since all impedances in any one part of a system must
be expressed on the same impedance base when
making computations, it is necessary to have a means
of converting PU impedance from one base to
Per unit quantities cont…

Per unit Z new=

 Per unit impedance of a transformer is
the same whether computed from
primary or secondary side.
Examples on PU system

Example :-
The single line diagram of a single phase circuit is shown.
Using the base values of 3KVA and 230 volts, draw
1.Determine the PU impedances & the PU source voltage
2.Calculate the load current both in PU and in amperes
3.Draw the PU circuit diagram
Refer and do more examples on
PU systems!!!
THANK