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Lewis Dot Structure

The document discusses the types of chemical bonding, specifically ionic and covalent bonds, detailing their formation, properties, and examples. It explains the octet rule and the use of Lewis dot symbols for representing valence electrons and bond formations. Additionally, it outlines the process of writing Lewis structures and predicting chemical products from given atomic pairs.

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Mary Ann Lazarte Besar
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15 views21 pages

Lewis Dot Structure

The document discusses the types of chemical bonding, specifically ionic and covalent bonds, detailing their formation, properties, and examples. It explains the octet rule and the use of Lewis dot symbols for representing valence electrons and bond formations. Additionally, it outlines the process of writing Lewis structures and predicting chemical products from given atomic pairs.

Uploaded by

Mary Ann Lazarte Besar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Types of Bonding and their Properties

•Types of Bonding
•1. Ionic Bond
• An ionic bond is formed when metals on the left side (Group
1(A) and Group 2(A) of the periodic table and non-metals on
the right side (except noble gases, group 8A) interact.
• Once the electrons have been transferred to the non-metal,
both the metal and the non-metal become ions.
• The metal becomes positively charged and the nonmetal
becomes negatively charged.
• An ionic compound is formed when the two oppositely charged
ions attract each other. For instance, positively charged sodium
ions and negatively charged chloride ions attract each other to
make sodium chloride, or table salt
• 2. Covalent Bond
• Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by
sharing electrons (rather than fully gaining or losing them).
• Covalent bonds are more common than ionic bonds in the
molecules of living organisms.
• These bonds mostly occur between nonmetals or
between two of the same (or similar) elements.
• One, two, or three pairs of electrons may be shared
between atoms, resulting in single, double, or triple bonds,
respectively.
• The more electrons that are shared between two atoms,
the shorter and stronger their bond will be.
•Compounds formed through covalent bonding
are brittle solid, have relatively low melting
and boiling points, and are poor conductor of
heat and electricity.
•Several covalent compounds have high vapor
pressure, which makes them volatile and good
as fuels.
• Propane, methane and gasoline are all
covalent compounds that readily undergo
combustion, producing energy as a bi-product.
• Lewis
Structures and
Bond Formation
•Lewis Dot Symbols
•Valence electrons of an atom are better represented
with Lewis dot symbols.
•From the previous module, the number of valence
electrons of a main block element is usually equivalent
to its group number.
•For instance, Carbon is a Group 4(a) element, thus it
has 4 valence electrons. The number of valence
electrons of Fluorine is 7 because it is in Group7(a).
•Magnesium has 2 valence electrons because it
belongs to Group2(a).
• Lewis dot symbol is very useful when learning about
chemical bonding, and chemical reactions.
• It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each
valence electron in an atom of the element.
• The dots are placed on the four sides of the symbol—top,
bottom, left, and right—and each side can accommodate up
to two electrons.
• The choice on which sides to place two electrons rather one
electron is arbitrary since all four sides are equivalent. It is
recommended that we spread out the dots as much as
possible.
• In general, we cannot write simple Lewis dot symbols for the
transition metals, lanthanides, and actinides because they all
• The Octet Rule and Bond Formations
• The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to
gain, lose or share electrons to have eight electrons
in the valence shell or attain the same number of
electrons as the noble gas nearest to them in the
periodic table.
• Noble gases are known as stable elements as
evidenced by their general lack of reactivity.
• All the noble gases except Helium have eight
valence electrons that is why many atoms
undergoing reactions end up with eight valence
electrons.
• Octet rules does not generally apply to the d or f
electrons.
• Only the s and p electrons are involved in the octet
rule, making it useful for the main group elements
(elements not in the transition metal or inner-transition
metal blocks).
• Main group elements have an octet which corresponds
to an electron configuration ending with s2p6.
• However, there are some exceptions to the octet rule:
boron and aluminum readily form compounds in
which they have six valence electrons, rather than the
usual eight predicted by the octet rule.
• For instance, table salt or NaCl is the result of Na ions
+

and Cl ions bonding together in an ionic bond.


-

• If sodium metal and chlorine gas react under the right


conditions, they will form salt.
• Since sodium is a metal, it loses an electron, becomes
positively charged and the chlorine gains that electron
and becomes negatively charged.
• The resulting salt is mostly unreactive — it is stable. It
will not undergo any explosive reactions, unlike the
sodium and chlorine that it is made of.
• (Note that each line that connects two atoms represents
two bonded electrons.)
• In covalently bonded atoms, sharing of
electrons is being exhibited by all atoms
involved to satisfy the octet rule.
• For example, two hydrogen share each of
their valence electron with each other to have
two electrons in their valence shells through a
single bond.
• As a result, each hydrogen atom achieves an
electron configuration as helium, the nearest
noble gas which has only 2 valence electrons.
(Covalent bond formation of H2)
• Several atoms form multiple bonds to satisfy the octet.
• If two atoms share two pairs of electrons, the covalent bond is called a
double bond.
• This type of bond is much stronger and shorter than single bonds.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the compounds where double bonds are
found.

Electron sharing of CO through double bonds


2
• A triple bond arises when two atoms share three pairs
of electrons, as in the nitrogen molecule (N ).
2

• This type of bond is much stronger and shorter than


single and double bonds.

Electron sharing of N through a triple bond


2
•Writing Lewis Structures
•Lewis structures are diagrams that show
the bonding between atoms of a
molecule, and the unbonded electrons
that may exist in the molecule.
•A Lewis structure can be drawn for any
covalently-bonded molecule.
• Lines are drawn between electrons that
are bonded to one another.
Excess electrons that are not bonded or lone pairs are represented as pair of dots
and are placed next to the atoms on which they reside. According to Brown, these
procedures
should be followed when writing Lewis structures:
• Note that the central atom is the least electronegative atom in the
molecule.
• Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the
electrons.
• It increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a
group.
• Moreover, check the formal charge of each atom.
• It is imperative to remember that atoms are more stable when they have
lesser charge or no charge at all.
• Negative formal charges should be assigned to more electronegative
atoms.
• The overall formal charges of the atoms being bonded should be equal
to the overall
• charge of the compound.
Activity 2: Predicting Chemical Products
Directions: The following pairs of atoms form ionic or covalent compounds when bonded.
Complete the table below with the needed details. Two answered rows serve as examples.
Charge of each ion Lewis dot
Lewis dot
Type of after electron symbol of each
Atoms symbol of Formula of the
Bond transfer if ionic ion if ionic
involved each atom Product
bond is formed bond is formed

Na, Cl ionic Na+ Cl- Na+ NaCl

C, I covalent Not applicable Not applicable CI4

Mg, Cl

Ca, F

Na, O

Ca, N

S, Cl

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