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Power System Representation-1 (Autosaved)

The document provides an overview of power system representation, including the components of power systems such as generation, transmission, and distribution. It discusses modeling techniques, including the use of impedance and reactance diagrams, and the importance of per unit quantities for simplifying calculations. Additionally, it outlines methods for converting base values and calculating per unit impedances in power systems.

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29 views53 pages

Power System Representation-1 (Autosaved)

The document provides an overview of power system representation, including the components of power systems such as generation, transmission, and distribution. It discusses modeling techniques, including the use of impedance and reactance diagrams, and the importance of per unit quantities for simplifying calculations. Additionally, it outlines methods for converting base values and calculating per unit impedances in power systems.

Uploaded by

beee22-knsitu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER SYSTEM

REPRESENTATIO
N
C.CHIMONO
INTRODUCTION
• A power system is composed of
• Generation system
• Transmission system
• Distribution system
• Loads
• Generation is done at a much lower voltage (11 kV)
• To improve efficiency, transmission is carried out at higher
voltages(66 kV /132 kV)
INTRODUCTION
• Power transformers are used to step up the voltage levels
• Transmission system consists of transformers, transmission
towers and lines
• Thereafter, voltage levels are reduced in stages
• Distribution system supplies power to different loads
• Thus power system network is large, complex and very
expensive
INTRODUCTION
• Power system analysis deals with analysis of problems
associated with power network
• Power Flow Analysis, Short Circuit Analysis and Transient
Stability Study are the main Power System Analysis Problems
POWER SYSTEM MODELLING
• Power system modeling is creating a model of the electric grid
including all its components and their characteristics so that
studies of the system can be performed.
• An electric grid’s components include generators, power lines,
substations, reclosers, voltage regulators, transformers, loads,
and several other components.
• These components have impedances, power ratings,
capacities, etc. which are all inputted into the computer model.
POWER SYSTEM MODELLING
After all this information is inputted, various studies are done
such as
• power flow analysis which determines how much power flows
out of a generator or substation
• If a fault occurs, will it be isolated or will it take down the entire
grid which means no customer will receive power
• Power systems engineers create the model to perform these
and other studies
APPROACH TO POWER SYSTEM
MODELING
Equivalent circuits are used, namely:
• Impedance diagram
• Reactance diagram
IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM AND
APPROXIMATIONS
• The impedance diagram is the equivalent circuit of power
system in which the various components of power system are
represented by their approximate or simplified equivalent
circuits.
• The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.
APPROXIMATIONS
• The neutral reactances are neglected
• The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are
neglected
Reactance diagram and
approximations
• The reactance diagram is the simplified equivalent circuit of
power system in which the various components of power
system are represented by their reactances.
• The reactance diagram can be obtained from impedance
diagram if all the resistive components are neglected.
• The reactance diagram is used for fault calculations.
APPROXIMATION
• The neutral reactances are neglected.
• The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are
neglected.
• The resistances are neglected.
• All static loads are neglected.
• The capacitance of transmission lines are neglected.
MODELING A GENERATOR
•
MODELING A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
MODELING A TRANSFORMER
•
MODELING A TRANSMISSION LINE
POWER SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND
SYMBOLS
•
Methods of Power System
Representation
One line diagram
• A One Line diagram is the blueprint for electrical system
analysis.
• Often any diagram is simplified by omitting the completed circuit
through the neutral and by indicating the component parts by
standard symbols rather than by their equivalent circuits.
• Such a simplified diagram of an electric system is called a one-
line diagram(OLD) or single line diagram (SLD).
Methods of Power System
Representation
A typical diagram will include
• Incoming lines showing voltage and size
• Incoming main fuses, cut-outs, switches, and main breakers
• Power transformers (rating, winding connection and grounding means)
• Feeder breakers and fused switches
• Relays (function, use and type)
• Current and / or potential transformers with size, type and ratio
• Control transformers
Methods of Power System
Representation
• All main cable and wire runs with their associated isolating
switches (size and length of run)
• All substations, including integral relays and main panels with
total load of each feeder and each substation
• Critical equipment voltage and size (UPS, battery, generator,
power distribution, transfer switch, computer room air
conditioning)
Methods of Power System
Representation
• One Line diagram represents all 3-Ф of balanced system.

one line diagram


Methods of Power System
Representation
Impedance diagram
• This is the equivalent circuit of a power system in which the various
components of a power system are represented by their approximate or
simplified equivalent circuits.
• The impedance diagram is used for load flow studies.
• Approximations include:
• The neutral reactance are neglected
• The shunt branches in equivalent circuit of transformers are neglected
Methods of Power System
Representation
• In power system fault calculations it is often that a One Line diagram
representing a typical power network in 3-phase be converted into its per
phase impedance diagram.
• Some assumptions for converting from One Line diagram into its
equivalent impedance diagram needed to be considered.
A generator can be represented by a voltage source in series with an
inductive reactance. The internal resistance of the generator is assumed to
be negligible compared to the reactance.
Methods of Power System
Representation
The loads are usually inductive represented by resistance and inductance
The transformer core is assumed to be ideal, and the transformer may be
represented by a reactance only
The transmission line is represented by its resistance and inductance, the
line-to-ground capacitance is assumed to be negligible.
Methods of Power System
Representation

One line diagram


Methods of Power System
Representation

impedance
PER UNIT QUANTITIES
• The per unit value of any quantity is the ratio of the actual value
of any quantity to the base value of the same quantity
expressed as a decimal
• Per unit quantities are quantities that have been normalized to a
base quantity
• In general,
PER UNIT QUANTITIES
• Choice of the base value is normally a rated value which is
often one of the normal full-load operations of power
component in a power network.
• Let us look at two of the most common per unit formula which
are widely used when per unit calculations are involved
Base impedance (Zbase)
• For a given single-line (one-line) diagram of a power network, all
component parameters are expressed in 3-quantity whether it is the rating
(capacity) expressed as MVA or voltage as kV.

• Therefore, Per phase base impedance is equal to


Base impedance (Zbase)
• Combining the two equations
Changing Base impedance (Z new)
• Sometimes the parameters for two elements in the same circuit
(network) are quoted in per-unit on a different base.
• The changing base impedance is given as,
Advantages of Per Unit Method
• Per-unit representation results in a more meaningful and correlated data. It
gives relative magnitude information.
• There will be less chance of missing up between single - and three-phase
powers or between line and phase voltages.
• The p.u. system is very useful in simulating machine systems on analog,
digital, and hybrid computers for steady-state and dynamic analysis.
• Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of a piece of apparatus in
p.u. (or per cent) on the base of the name plate rating of power (P ) and
voltage (V). Hence, it can be used directly if the bases chosen are the
same as the name plate rating
Advantages of Per Unit Method
• The p.u. value of the various apparatus lie in a narrow range, though the
actual values vary widely.
• The p.u. equivalent impedance (Zsc) of any transformer is the same
referred to either primary or secondary side. For complicated systems
involving many transformers or different turns ratio, this advantage is a
significant one in that a possible cause of serious mistakes is removed.
• Though the type of transformer in 3-phase system, determine the ratio of
voltage bases, the p.u. impedance is the same irrespective of the type of
3-phase transformer.
Conversion Procedure
• Specify the MVA base. Typically this will be related to the rating
of a generator, transformer, or transmission line. Just choose
the one that will result in the least amount of computation. This
base will remain constant throughout the system.
• At any location in the circuit, specify a voltage base. This will
typically be the nominal voltage for that particular location.
• Determine the voltage base for all other areas in the circuit by
adjusting by the turns ratio every time a transformer is
encountered.
Conversion Procedure
• Having specified the voltage and MVA base throughout the
system, current and impedance bases may be determined as:
• For each value, the per unit quantity is the actual value divided by the
base value. For 3-phase circuits, the same relationships must also be
included
Example 1
For the power diagram given below, find the
(a) base impedance for line1, line2 and load
(b) per unit impedance for line1, line2 and load
(c) new per unit reactance for xsg, t1, t2, t3, t4 and xsm
Example 1
•
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
Step 1: Assume a system base
Assume a system wide of 100MVA. This is a random assumption and
chosen to make calculations easy when calculating the per unit
impedances. So, Sbase = 100MVA
Step 2: Identify the voltage base
Voltage base in the system is determined by the transformer. For example,
with a 22/220kV voltage rating of transformer T1 on the primary side is
22kV while the secondary side is 220kV. It does not matter what the
voltage rating of the other components are that are encompassed by
the zone.
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
SUMMARY
• Assume Sbase for the entire system.
• The Vbase is defined by the transformer and any off-nominal tap
setting it may have.
• Zbase is derived from the Sbase and Vbase
• The new per unit impedance is obtained by converting the old
per unit impedance on old base values to new ones.
EXAMPLE 2
• Determine the per-unit values of the following single-line
diagram and draw the impedance diagram.
SOLUTION
Chosen base: Always choose the largest rating, therefore
Sbase = 100 MVA, V = 66 kV, 132 kV and 275 Kv
SOLUTION
•
SOLUTION
•
Practice problem
Practice problem
Practice problem
THANK YOU

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