Types Of

Inequality
Presented by
Fyza Subair
 Types of inequality
Gender inequality

Racial and ethnic

inequality

Caste Inequality
 Gender Inequality
• Gender inequality acknowledges that men and
women are not equal and that gender affects
an individual's living experience. These
differences arise from distinctions in biology,
psychology, and cultural norms.
• Gender inequality is the unequal treatment or
perceptions of individuals based on their
gender. It arises from differences in socially
constructed gender roles
 Gender Inequality
• The Global Gender Gap Report, 2019, ranks
India at 112 among 149 countries.
• Four parameters for measuring gender
inequality are economic participation and
opportunity, health and survival, educational
attainment and political empowerment.
• Gender wage gap is highest in India according
International Labour Organization women
are paid 34% less than men.
• Women comprise over 42 per cent of the
agricultural labour force in the country.
 Racial and ethnic inequality
• Racial and ethnic inequality established based on
characteristics such as skin colour and other physical
characteristics or an individual's place of origin or
culture.
• Tribal communities in India have been identified as
ethnic group on the basis of their unique culture,
language, dialect, geographical location, customs etc.
• Even though race has no biological connection, it has
become a socially constructed category capable of
restricting or enabling social status.
• Unequal treatment and opportunities between
such categories is usually the result of some
categories being considered superior to others
• India is a country with persistent ethnic
inequality. While poverty in general is declining,
poverty rates are generally higher for certain
groups , namely Adivasis (or ‘tribal’ people, 45%
of whom live in poverty in rural areas and 27% in
urban areas),
• Dalits (former untouchables, 34% of whom
live in rural poverty and 22% in urban poverty)
• Muslims (27% rural, 23% urban).
• The poverty rates among upper caste Hindus
for 2011/12 were just 16% in rural areas and
8% in urban areas.
Caste inequality
• Caste Inequality is a hereditary stratification system.
In Hindu tradition, a person is born into a caste with
little to no mobility. This caste determines one's
lifestyle, prestige, and occupational choices.
• The five castes of Hindus are the elite class, warrior
class, merchant class, servant caste, and the
'untouchables'. This caste of Hindu people were
required to hide from or
• bow in the presence of anyone of a higher caste .
• Being a member of such a caste would be and is
an unfortunate fate. To be considered
'untouchable,' or a completely undesirable class
of people based on birth is an inequality that
• millions of people, children included, face
worldwide. These people suffer from
exploitation, violence, and can never obtain the
equality they deserve from the castes above
them.
 Caste inequality
• Caste is significant factor for determining
access to resources like education, income,
health valued by individuals.
• India’s upper caste households earned nearly
47% more than the national average annual
household income, the top 10% within these
castes owned 60% of the wealth within the
group in 2012, as per the World Inequality
Database.
 Economic inequality
• The 2019 report by Oxfam, titled "Public good or Private
Wealth?" showed that India’s top 10% holds 77.4% of the
total national wealth, while the top 1% holds 51.53% of the
wealth.
• The bottom 60% population holds only 4.8% of the national
wealth.
• 13.6 crore Indians, who make up the poorest 10% of the
country, have continued to remain in debt for the past 15
years.
• The Gini coefficient of wealth in India in 2017 is at 0.83, which
puts India among the countries with highest inequality
countries.
 Consequences of Inequalities

• nequalities tend to produce social conflict among the social

groups e.g. caste groups like Jaats, Maratha, Patels are
demanding reservations but this demand is opposed by
caste groups already claiming the benefits of reservations,
such clash of interest due to perceived inequality tend to
produce violent conflicts between opposing caste groups.
• Inequalities among ethnic groups have led to various ethnic
movements demanding separate states or autonomous
regions or even outright secession from India. North East
has been rocked by numerous such ethnic movement e.g.
by Nagas for greater Nagalim etc.
• Religious inequality tends to generate feeling of
exclusion among religious minority groups. This
reduces their participation in mainstream, in India
religious minorities have large population their
economic exclusion compromises the GDP growth of
nation as whole.
• Poor development indicators like IMR, MMR, low per
capita income, lower education and learning
outcomes at schools, high rate of population growth
can be traced to existing socio-economic inequalities.
 Measures to Deal with Inequalities

• Constitutional ProvisionEnforcement of
Constitutional Guarantee of equality as
enshrined in fundamental rights. Articles 14,
15 and 16 form part of a scheme of the
Constitutional Right to Equality. Article 15 and
16 are incidents of guarantees of Equality, and
gives effect to Article 14.
• Promoting Civil Society
• Provide a greater voice to traditionally oppressed
and suppressed groups, including by enabling
civil society groups like unions and association
with in these groups.
• Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes should be
motivated to become entrepreneurs, schemes
like Stand up India need to be expanded to
widen its reach by increasing funding.
• Women EmpowermentFor gender equality
policies like affirmative action by reserving seats in
legislatures, increasing reservation at Local self
government both at Urban and village level to 50%
in all states, strict implementation of The Equal
Remuneration act,1976 to remove wage gap,
making education curriculum gender sensitive,
raising awareness about women right, changing
social norms through schemes like Beti Bachao Beti
Padhao etc.
• Economic Policies
– By ensuring universal access to public funded high
quality services like Public health and education,
social security benefits, employment guarantee
schemes; inequality can be reduced to great
extent.
– Employment GenerationThe failure to grow
manufacturing sectors like Textile, Clothing,
automobiles, consumer goods etc. is the
important reason of rising inequalities.
 Conclusion
• There were three major types of inequalities.
• Each types of inequality has a prominent role
among society and people.
• We need to reduce these types of inequalities
from our country.
• We have to remove notonly these butalso all
the other inequalities.