Solid Modeling
Solid Modeling
Geometric
Modeling
Mr. G. V. DEVKE
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engg. Dept.
STES’s SAOE, Pune.
Geometric modeling scheme
• Wire-frame model
• Surface model
• Solid model
Wire-frame model
• The shape of the object is defined by a
collection of points (vertices) and a set of
edges.
• Edges – line or curved connects pair of points
• Conventional Approach - Place the geometry
entirely in the data structure.
• Another Approach - Procedural Approach
Wire-frame model
• Example : tetrahedron
Disadvantages of wire-frame
• Tend to be not realistic
• Ambiguity
– complex model difficult to interpret.
Geometric Modeling
Surface model
• Boolean operation
– each primitive solid is assumed to be a set of
points, a boolean operation is performed on
point sets and the result is a solid model.
– Boolean operation 🡪 union, intersection and
difference
– The relative location and orientation of the two
primitives have to be defined before the
boolean operation can be performed.
– Boolean operation can be applied to two solids
other than the primitives.
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)-
boolean operation
• Union
– The sum of all points in each of two defined
sets. (logical “OR”)
– Also referred to as Add, Combine, Join, Merge
A B
A∪
B
Constructive solid geometry
(CSG)- boolean operation
• Difference
– The points in a source set minus the points
common to a second set. (logical “NOT”)
– Set must share common volume
– Also referred to as subtraction, remove, cut
A B
A-B
Constructive solid geometry
(CSG)- boolean operation
• intersection
– Those points common to each of two defined
sets (logical “AND”)
– Set must share common volume
– Also referred to as common, conjoin
A B
A∩B
Constructive solid geometry
(CSG)- boolean operation
• When using boolean operation, be careful to
avoid situation that do not result in a valid
solid
A B
A∩B
Geometric Modeling
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)-
boolean operation
• Boolean operation
– Are intuitive to user
– Are easy to use and understand
– Provide for the rapid manipulation of large
amounts of data.
• Because of this, many non-CSG systems also
use Boolean operations
Geometric Modeling
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)- data
structure
• Data structure does not define model shape explicitly
but rather implies the geometric shape through a
procedural description
– E.g: object is not defined as a set of edges & faces but by
the instruction : union primitive1 with primitive 2
• This procedural data is stored in a data structure
referred to as a CSG tree
• The data structure is simple and stores compact
data 🡪 easy to manage
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)- CSG
tree
• CSG tree 🡪 stores the history of applying
boolean operations on the primitives.
– Stores in a binary tree format
– The outer leaf nodes of tree represent the
primitives
– The interior nodes represent the boolean
operations performed.
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)- CSG
tree
+
-
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)- not
unique
• More than one procedure (and hence database) can
be used to arrive at the same geometry.
-
Constructive solid geometry (CSG)
representation
• CSG representation is unevaluated
– Faces, edges, vertices not defined in explicit
• CSG model are always valid
– Since built from solid elements.
• CSG models are complete and unambiguous
Constructive solid geometry (CSG) -
advantage
v5 V = 5, E = 8, F = 5
f3 f2 E3
E4
E1 v4 E7 5–8+5=2
f4 f5 E2 E6 v3
E8 f1
v E5 v2
1
Boundary representation- validity
• Expanded Euler’s law for complex polyhedrons
(with holes)
• Euler-Poincare Law:
– V-E+F-H=2(B-P)
– H – number of holes in face, P- number of passages or through
holes, B- number of separate bodies.
V = 24, E=36, F=15, H=3,
P=1,B=1
Boundary representation- ambiguity and
uniqueness
• Not fully unique, but much more so than CSG
• Potential difference exists in division of
– Surfaces into faces.
– Curves into edges
Boundary representation- advantages
• Capability to construct unusual shapes that
would not be possible with the available
CSG🡪 aircraft fuselages, swing shapes
• Less computational time to reconstruct the
image
Boundary representation-
disadvantages
• Requires more storage
• More prone to validity failure than CSG
• Model display limited to planar faces and
linear edges
- complex curve and surfaces only approximated
Solid object construction method
• Sweeping
• Boolean
• Automated filleting and chambering
• Tweaking
– Face of an object is moved in some way