ORAL

COMMUNICATION
IN CONTEXT

Prepared by :
RONALI ASONDA TANSICO, LPT
At The End Of The LESSON, I
CAN:
• Defines communication.
• Explains the nature and process of communication.
• Differentiates the various models of
communication.
• Distinguishesthe unique feature(s) of one
communication process from the other.
 Communication
• Is a process that involves the exchange and development
of ideas to achieve a particular goal or purpose.
• Communication may take place between two people,
among three or more individuals, or even among hundreds
and thousands of participants.
• The ability to communicate – that is , the delivery ,
processing, and reciprocation of messages – distinguishes
humans as the most intelligent beings on earth.
 Origin of Term

• “Communication” comes from the Latin

term communicare, which means “to share”
or “to be in relation with.”
• Other experts highlight the Latin noun
communicatio, which means “sharing” or
“imparting”
 The Process of Communication
Five Basic Elements of Communication
• Sender
This is the person who initiates the process. The
sender delivers or transmits ideas to the receiver.
• Receiver
This is the person who devodes the message
transmitted by the sender.
• Message
This is the idea encoded by the sender. The message entails
both the content (or the ideas) that the speaker wishes to
transmit, and the formulation or structure of the ideas.
• Medium
Is the channel through which the message is delivered. It
may be oral, written, or even non-verbal. With the advent of
technology and different forms of social media, the medium
through which messages are channeled has become even
more varied in scope.
• Feedback
Confirms that the message has been
received, and thus reciprocated. By
extension, feedback validates that the
communication process has been completed.
 Models of Communication
Five Communicative Models:
• Linear Model
• Interactive Model
• Transactional Model
• Gatekeeper Model
• Ecological Model
A. Linear Models
1. Lasswell’s Model
- The linear model presents a straight path of relaying
information. It is one-directional. Which means that
information from a source or sender is conveyed directly
to the receiver. Consider a speaker delivering a speech in
front of an audience. The speaker is the source and he or
she conveys his or her message directly to the audience,
which is the receiver of the message.
2. Shannon and Weaver’s Model
- known as the mother of all communication
models, the Shannon-Weaver model (1949) depicts
communication as a linear or one-way process
consisting of five elements: a source (producer of
message); a transmitter (encoder of message into
signals); a channel (signals adapted for
transmission); a receiver (decoder of message from
the signal); and a destination. This model, however,
has been criticized for missing one essential
element in the communication process: feedback.
Without feedback, the speaker will not know
whether the receiver understands the message or
Fig. 1.1 The Shannon-Weaver communication model
Source: https://www.businesstopia.net/communication/shannon-and-weaver-model-communication
B. The Interactive Model
The interactive model takes the feedback from the
receiver into consideration. Thus, the message in
this model originates from two sources: the
message from the source and the feedback from the
receiver. When the receiver gives feedback, he or
she becomes the source. Meanwhile, the original
source becomes the receiver of the feedback. Your
everyday conversations with friends are good
examples of the interactive model – one gives a
message, the other receives it, and then gives
C. The Transactional Model

• The model presents an even more realistic

view of communicative process: a
spontanoeus rapid flow of ideas.
• The transactional model also takes into
account the personal and professional
background of the participants, as well as
the changes that occur within them and
their environments.
Example :
The employee-employer relation. If the manager is
not good in communicating himself, the message he
wanted to put across. Over time, the employees
may get used to the manager’s style of
communicating. Hence, there can be improvements
at the second time, third time, and so on.
D. The Gatekeeper Model
This fourth model represents mass
communication – that is how an audience (on a
local or even national scale) receives information
from media, the intermediaries of information. It is
assumed that the key players of mass media
(newspapers, TV, radio, Internet) have access to
information and, more importantly , have control
over what is disseminated to the public. Therefore,
media takes the role of the “gatekeeper,” who
essentially has the capacity to control what the
E. The Ecological Model
• This model expounds on the role of mass media,
as well as the individuals and groups that control
these outlets of information (such as individuals
and groups are called the “Creators”).
• You will understand this model easier if you take
into consideration te word “ecology” where the
term ecological model originated. Ecology refers
to the environment where people interact among
each other, using a particular language that they
Example:
• A group of lawyers may perhaps talk about plea
bargaining agreements, the writ of habeas
corpus, an amended complaint, a warrant, inquest
proceedings, and reclusion perpetua. These are
some of the terminologies that the profession has
invented and evolved, and which they have been
using in court proceedings.
• A group of doctors can conveniently talk about
lobotomy, CT-Scan, biopsy, appendectomy, and
Read the situations and answer the questions
that follow. Write only the letter of your answer.

• Situation 1
Miguel, a Grade 11 student, is running for the position of
student council president. To let the student body know
about his platforms, he recorded a video of himself
explaining his 7-point agenda. He uploaded the video in his
official Facebook account.
1. In this communication process, what is the
message?
a. the facebook account b. the student council
c. the 7-point agenda d. the student body
2. What is the medium by which the message is
transmitted?
a. the facebook account b.the student council
c. the 7-point agenda d. the student body

3. Who is the recipients of the message?

a. the student body
b. Miguel himself
c. The facebook account
d. The 7-point agenda
• Situation 2
During the general assembly of students,
Mikayla raised a question for the student council
candidates to answer. She wanted to know how
they planned to increase environmental awareness
among student body. Miguel was the first to
respond, but before he could answer the question
properly, his microphone started malfunctioning.
The moderators rushed to replace the equipment.
Not long afterwards, Miguel was nevertheless able
to express his views.
1. Which of the following can be considered
as a communicator?
a. Miguel
b.Mikayla
c. Both Miguel and Mikayla
d.Neither Miguel nor Mikayla
2. If Mikayla’s question was the message,
what may be considered as the feedback?
a. Miguel’s thoughts
b.Miguel’s response
c. Miguel’s equipment
d.None of the above
3. What was the medium employed in this
communication process?
a. The moderators
b.The sound system
c. The microphone malfunction
d.The audience reaction
4. What was the noise that disrupted this
communication process?
a. The moderators
b.The sound system
c. The microphone malfunction
d.The audience reaction