COURSE PACKET IN

GE ELCT 3- LIVING IN THE IT ERA

(MIDTERM-FINAL)

History of Computing Algorithm

& Programming & Pseudocode

Flowchart C Operators
& Figures DBMS & RDBMS
History of Computing

 Early Calculating Devices

People have been using devices to aid in calculation for thousands of years.
Devices include:
• fingers
• tally sticks (animal bones)
• the abacus, …
It is difficult to imagine counting without numbers, but there was a time when written
numbers did not exist. The earliest counting device was human hand and its fingers,
capable of counting up to 10 times. Then, as even larger quantities (greater than ten
fingers and toes could represent), various natural items like pebbles, sea shells and
twigs were used to help keep count.
History of Computing

 What is Computing?
Computing is the process of using computer technology to complete a given task.
Computing is the act of calculating something or doing more complex math functions.
 When was the word "computer" first used?
The word "computer" was first used in 1613 in the book “The Yong Mans Gleanings”
by Richard Braithwaite and originally described a human who performed calculations
or computations. The definition of a computer remained the same until the end of the
19th century, when the industrial revolution gave rise to mechanical machines whose
primary purpose was calculating.
History of Computing

 The first computers

 Scales – computed relative weight of two items
• Computed if the first item’s weight was less than,
equal to, or greater than the second item’s weight

 Abacus – also called a counting frame, is a calculating

tool which has been used since ancient times. In
addition to calculating the basic functions of addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division, the abacus
can calculate roots up to the cubic degree.
History of Computing

 Scale
 In 1885 Julius Pitrat of Gallipolis, OH, patented the first computing scale. Six years
later, Edward Canby and Orange Ozias of Dayton, Ohio, purchased Pitrat's patents
and incorporated The Computing Scale Company as the world's first computing
scale vendor. And four years after that, The Computing Scale Company introduced
the first automatic computing scale. In 1911, the Computing Scale Company
merged with the International Time Recording Company and Tabulating Machine
Company to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company, a business that
was renamed IBM in 1924.
History of Computing

 Abacus
 A counting device, an abacus is a mechanical device used to assist a person in
performing mathematical calculations and counting.
 Beads are moved to perform arithmetic functions

 Why was the abacus used?

 Before computers, calculators, or even arithmetic using paper & pencil, the abacus
was the most advanced device for crunching numbers. Before the abacus, the only
methods people had to use for their mathematical calculations were their fingers
and toes, or stones in the dirt.
History of Computing

 Slide Ruler
 Invented around 1620–1630
 Before the invention of the pocket or handheld calculator,
 the slide rule was a popular tool for calculations.
 William Oughtred made the first slide ruler by inscribing logarithms on wood
 Primarily used for multiplication and division.
 Slide rulers were taken to the moon in the 1960s
History of Computing

 Pascaline
 Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician-philosopher
 invented the first mechanical calculator in 1642
 Performed addition and subtraction
 Was too expensive for the time, hence it didn’t become a commercial device.
 The calculator went through 50 prototypes and was publicly presented in 1645.
 Blaise Pascal invented the machine to help his father complete tax computations
more efficiently. Pascal was only 18 when he invented the Pascaline calculator.
History of Computing

 Mathematical Tables
 Mathematical tables were created by people called “computers”
 They were large charts showing the results of calculations,
e.g. multiplication, division, and trigonometry
 However, these were known to be error prone,
 The ancient Babylonians were probably the
 first culture to create multiplication tables,
 more than 4,000 years ago. They did their mathematics on clay tablets,
 some of which have survived until today.
History of Computing

 Difference Engine (1820)

 Charles Babbage noticed errors in mathematical tables
 Thus, the creation of the first mechanical computer
 Created by Charles Babbage the “father of computing”
 It is considered the first automatic computing machine. The Difference Engine was
capable of computing several sets of numbers & making hard copies of the results.
 Compiled mathematical tables
• addition, subtraction and polynomial functions
History of Computing

 Charles Babbage (December 26, 1791 - October 18, 1871)

 In 1820, English Mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage
 conceptualized and began developing a model of his Difference Engine.
 Babbage received some help with the development of the Difference Engine from
 Ada Lovelace, considered to be the first computer programmer for her work.
 By 1822 Babbage had constructed a model of his Difference Engine No.1, a special-purpose
calculating machine far more complex than any that had previously been conceived.
Unfortunately, because of funding, Babbage was never able to complete a full-scale
functional version of this machine. In June 1991, the London Science Museum completed
the Difference Engine No. 2 and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.
History of Computing

 Analytical Engine
 In 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the first general-purpose mechanical computer,
the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an ALU (Arithmetic Logic
Unit), basic flow control, punch cards (inspired by the Jacquard Loom), and
integrated memory. It is the first general-purpose computer concept that could be
used for many things and not only one particular computation.
 Unfortunately, because of funding issues, this computer was
 also never built while Charles Babbage was alive. In 1910,
 Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son, was able to
 complete a portion of the machine & perform basic calculations
History of Computing

 Ada Lovelace
 She wrote the first algorithm that would have been executed
by the Analytical Engine
 She is considered the worlds first programmer
History of Computing

 What is Punch Cards?

 Stiff paper that holds commands
 Commands and data are indicated by holes/no holes
 Early computers used these as input commands
History of Computing

 The first machine to record and store information

 In 1890, Herman Hollerith developed a method for machines to record and store
information on punch cards for the US census. Hollerith's machine was
approximately ten times faster than manual tabulations and saved the census office
millions of dollars. Hollerith would later form the company we know today as IBM.
History of Computing

 Herman Hollerith
 During the Industrial revolution the population 30% each decade.
 They were still tabulating census data by hand.
 In 1887 they still had not completed tallying the
 1,880 census data
 Herman Hollerith an MIT prof. introduced punch cards
 and a machine to read them to tally this information.
 Took only 6 weeks to tally the 1,880 census data
 He continued to improve the machine, and created the company IBM
History of Computing

 1st Generation Computers (1951 – 1959)

 Based on Vacuum tubes
 Vacuum tubes: Control electric current using the vacuum, and
 Can be used to start/stop, or change the flow based on the current
History of Computing

 First concepts of modern computer

 During WWII Turing created an electromechanical machine
 to break German Ciphers.
 It is estimated that his efforts in breaking the ciphers
 reduced the length of the war by 2 – 4 years.
 The Turing machine was first proposed by Alan Turing in 1936
 and became the foundation for theories about computing and computers.
 The machine was a device that printed symbols on paper tape in a manner
that emulated a person following several logical instructions. Without these
fundamentals, we wouldn't have the computers we use today.
History of Computing

 Alan Mathison Turing (23 June 1912 -7 June 1954)

 Alan Turing was a brilliant and pioneering English
mathematician, computer scientist, codebreaker and
theoretical biologist.
 Often considered the father of modern computer science,
Alan Turing was famous for his work developing the first
modern computers, decoding the encryption of German
Enigma machines during the second world war, and
detailing a procedure known as the Turing Test, forming
the basis for artificial intelligence.
History of Computing

 Mechanical Cipher Enigma Machine (1918)

 Arthur Scherbius was a German electrical engineer who invented
the mechanical cipher Enigma machine. He patented the invention
and later sold the machine under the brand name Enigma.
History of Computing

 2nd Generation Computers (1959-1965)

 Based on Transistors
 Stored instructions in memory
 Relied on punch cards for input and printers for output

 Transistors
 Replaced vacuum tubes
 Invented at Bell laboratories John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley
invented the first working transistors at Bell Labs,
 Enabled computers to be smaller, cheaper, more reliable, and efficient
 Transistors work as switches on current, turning on or off (like binary 0 & 1)
 Still generate a lot of heat, but less than vacuum tubes
History of Computing

 The 1st transistor computer

 The TX-0 (Transistorized Experimental computer) is the first transistorized
computer to be demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in
1956.
History of Computing

 IBM 1400 (1960)

 General purpose system
 Used punch cards for input and line printer for output
History of Computing

 3rd Generation Computers (1965-1971)

 Modern computers
 Used (IC) Integrated Circuits
 Keyboards instead of punch cards
 Monitors for display
 Different applications used through operating system
History of Computing

 Integrated Circuits
 Small chips containing thousands of transistors
 Invented by Jack Kilby, Nobel Laureate of Physics
 In 1958, A TI Engineer Invented A Chip That Changed The World

Vacuum Tubes Transistors Integrated Circuits

History of Computing

 Jack St. Clair Kilby (November 8, 1923 – June 20, 2005)

 Jack Kilby was an American electrical engineer who took
part in the realization of the first integrated circuit while
working at Texas Instruments (TI) in 1958. He was
awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics on December 10, 2000
(along with Robert Noyce). Kilby was also the co-inventor
of the handheld calculator and the thermal printer, for
which he had the patents. He also had patents for seven (7)
other inventions.
History of Computing

 Jack St. Clair Kilby Patented Inventions

1. Solar & Light energy conversion
2. Thermal recording head for printer
3. Glass support light energy converter
4. Display for electronic clocks and watches
5. Fabrication process for semiconductor bodies
6. Flip chip silicone pressure sensitive conductive adhesive
7. Integrated circuit isolation with mesas and/or insulating substrate
History of Computing

 IBM 360 (1964)

 Small and large applications
 Commercial and Scientific applications
 From 8Kb to 8Mb of memory
 Room sized
 A whole suite of compatible computers
for different needs
History of Computing

 IBM 360
History of Computing

 4th Generation Computers (1971 – 1981)

 Microprocessor
 Development of the personal computer (PC)
 Addition of GUI’s, the mouse, and handheld devices

 Microprocessor
 Thousands of Integrated Circuits were built on a silicon chip.
 Created by Intel corp.
 Becomes the Central Processing Unit (CPU)
 Allow computers to be smaller, more powerful, faster, and cheaper
History of Computing

 Altair 8080 (1975)

 First personal computer
 Switches for input, lights for output
 No keyboard, and no monitor
 People were so excited, within 3 months 4000 orders were placed
 Gates and Allen built an interpreter for the Altair 8080 to make programming software for
the machine easier.
 Allen created a Bootstrapper to load the tape to load the program on a plane ride on final
approach to their meeting
History of Computing

 Altair 8080
History of Computing

 BASIC
 Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code
 A programming language that students could learn
 Used by Bill Gates and Paul Allen to write a program for the Altair
History of Computing

 Apple I and II (1976)

 Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs built the Apple I in Wozniak’s garage
 Apple II had a color monitor, sound, and game paddles
History of Computing

 IBM PC (1981)
 IBM released it’s first personal computer
 Sold in companies such as Sears
History of Computing

 Spreadsheets and Word Processing

 In 1978 VisiCalc was created for Spreadsheets and WordStar was created for Word
Processing
History of Computing

 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

 In 1972 Apple and Xerox were working on making a graphical user interface
 WYSIWYG (What you see is what you get)
 The idea being you want to be able to preview your work on the computer
History of Computing

 5th Generation Computers (1990 - Present)

 Enhancement of Artificial Intelligence
 Nanotechnology
 Natural Language Processing

…
History of Computing

 Cellular Phones and Smart Phones

 Now we’re able to have a ton of processing power is such tiny devices
History of Computing

 Wearable Computing
 Now we can track so much of what we do, and have the internet at our finger tips
History of Computing

 3D Printing
 Uses digital files to create 3d plastic objects
 3D Printing is being used for:
• Prosthetic Legs & Arms
• Human Organs (Not ready yet)
• Clothing