S V I AT O S L AV H N AT I V M AY 3, 2023

I N F O R M AT I O N S Y S T E M
01
DATA Data is represented with
the help of characters like
alphabets (A-Z,a-z), digits
(0-9) or special
characters(+,-,/,*,<,>,=etc)
.
 INFORMATIONS
Information is organized or classifi ed data
so that it has some meaningful values to
thereceiver.
Information is the processed data on which
decisions and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the
processed data must qualify for the following
characteristics
Timely- Information should be available when
required.
Accuracy- Information should be accurate.
Completeness-Information should becomplete.
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
 DATA
PROCESSING
CYCLE

INPUT
Input - In this step the input data are
prepared in some convenient form for
processing. The form will depend on
the processing machine. For example,
when electronic computers are used,
the input data could be recorded on
any one of several types of input
medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes
and soon.
 DATA
PROCESSING
CYCLE
Processing - In this step input

PROCESSIN data are changed to produce data

in a more useful form. For

G example, pay-checks may

calculated from the time cards, or
be

a summary of sales for the month

may be calculated from the
salesorders.
 DATA
PROCESSING
CYCLE
Output - Here the result of the

OUTPU proceeding processing step

collected. The particular form of
are

T the output data depends on the

use of the data. For example,
output data may be pay- checks
foremployees.
 Office Information
Systems / Office

Types of AutomationSystem
Transaction
Processing Systems

Information Transaction Processing

Systems

Systems Management Information

Systems

Decision Support Systems

Expert Systemss

Integrated
InformationSystemss
 OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS /
OFFICE AUTOMATIONSYSTEM
A management information system, or MIS (pronounced
em-eye-ess), is an information system that generates
accurate, timely and organized information so managers
and other users can make decisions, solveproblems,
supervise activities, and trackprogress.

Because it generates reports on a regular basis, a

management information system sometimes is called a
management reporting system(MRS).
 OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEMS /
OFFICE AUTOMATIONSYSTEM
THE SOFTWARE AN OFFICE INFORMATION SYSTEM
USES TO SUPPORT THESE ACTIVITIES INCLUDE WORD
PROCESSING, SPREADSHEETS, DATABASES, PRESENTATION
GRAPHICS, E-MAIL, WEB BROWSERS, WEB PAGE
AUTHORING, PERSONAL INFORMATION
MANAGEMENT,ANDGROUPWARE. OFFICE INFORMATION
SYSTEMS USE COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SUCH AS
VOICE MAIL, FACSIMILE (FAX), VIDEOCONFERENCING, AND
ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) FOR THE
ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE OF TEXT, GRAPHICS, AUDIO,
ANDVIDEO. An offi ce information system also uses a
variety of hardware, including computers equipped with
modems, video cameras, speakers, and microphones;
scanners; and fax machines.
 TRANSACTION PROCESSINGSYSTEMS

AN INFORMATION SYSTEM THAT CAPTURES AND

PROCESSES DATA GENERATED DURING AN
ORGANIZATION’S DAY- TO-DAYTRANSACTIONS. A
TRANSACTION IS A BUSINESS ACTIVITY SUCH AS A
DEPOSIT, PAYMENT, ORDER ORRESERVATION.

Clerical staff typically perform the activities associated

with transaction processing, which include the following:
 TRANSACTION PROCESSINGSYSTEMS

1.RECORDING A BUSINESS ACTIVITY SUCH AS ASTUDENT’S

registration, a customer’s order, an employee’s timecard
or a client’spayment.

2.CONFIRMING AN ACTION OR TRIGGERING A RESPONSE,

SUCH AS PRINTING A STUDENT’S SCHEDULE, SENDING A
THANK-YOU NOTE TO A CUSTOMER, GENERATING AN
EMPLOYEE’S PAYCHECK OR ISSUING A RECEIPT TO ACLIENT.

3.Maintaining data, which involves adding new data,

changing existing data, or removing unwanteddata.
 TRANSACTION PROCESSINGSYSTEMS
THE FIRST TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEMS
USUALLY USED BATCHPROCESSING. WITH BATCH
PROCESSING, TRANSACTION DATA IS COLLECTED OVER A
PERIOD OF TIME AND ALL TRANSACTIONS ARE PROCESSED
LATER, AS AGROUP.

As computers became more powerful, system developers

built online transaction processing systems. With online
transaction processing (OLTP) the computer processes
transactions as they are entered. When you register for
classes, your school probablyusesOLTP. The registration
administrative assistant enters your desired schedule and
the computer immediately prints your statement of
classes. The invoices, however, often are printed using
batch processing, meaning all student invoices are printed
and mailed at a laterdate.
 MANAGEMENT INFORMATIONSYSTEMS
A MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM, OR MIS
(PRONOUNCED EM-EYE-ESS), IS AN INFORMATION SYSTEM
THAT GENERATES ACCURATE, TIMELY AND ORGANIZED
INFORMATION SO MANAGERS AND OTHER USERS CAN
MAKE DECISIONS, SOLVEPROBLEMS, SUPERVISE
ACTIVITIES, AND TRACKPROGRESS.

BECAUSE IT GENERATES REPORTS ON A REGULAR

BASIS, A MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM SOMETIMES
IS CALLED A MANAGEMENT REPORTING SYSTEM(MRS).
 MANAGEMENT INFORMATIONSYSTEMS
AN MIS GENERATES THREE BASIC TYPES OF
INFORMATION: DETAILED, SUMMARY AND EXCEPTION.
DETAILED INFORMATION TYPICALLY CONFIRMS
TRANSACTIONPROCESSINGACTIVITIES. A DETAILED ORDER
REPORT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A DETAILREPORT.

Summary information consolidates data into a format

that an individual can review quickly and easily. To help
synopsize information, a summary report typically
contains totals, tables, or graphs. An Inventory Summary
Report is an example of a summary report.
 MANAGEMENT INFORMATIONSYSTEMS
AN INVENTORY SUMMARY REPORT IS AN EXAMPLE OF A
SUMMARY REPORT.
EXCEPTION INFORMATION FILTERS DATA TO REPORT
INFORMATION THAT IS OUTSIDE OF A NORMAL CONDITION.
THESE CONDITIONS, CALLED THE EXCEPTION CRITERIA,
DEFINE THE RANGE OF WHAT IS CONSIDERED NORMAL
ACTIVITY OR STATUS.

AN EXAMPLE OF AN EXCEPTION REPORT IS AN

INVENTORY EXCEPTION REPORT IS AN INVENTORY
EXCEPTION REPORT THAT NOTIFIES THE PURCHASING
DEPARTMENT OF ITEMS IT NEEDSTOREORDER.
 MANAGEMENT INFORMATIONSYSTEMS
EXCEPTION REPORTS HELP MANAGERS SAVE TIME
BECAUSE THEY DO NOT HAVE TO SEARCH THROUGH A
DETAILED REPORT FOR EXCEPTIONS.

INSTEAD, AN EXCEPTION REPORT BRINGS EXCEPTIONS

TO THE MANAGER’S ATTENTION IN AN EASILY IDENTIFIABLE
FORM.

EXCEPTION REPORTS THUS HELP THEM FOCUS ON

SITUATIONS THAT REQUIRE IMMEDIATE DECISIONS
ORACTIONS.
 DECISION SUPPORTSYSTEMS
A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS) IS AN
INFORMATION SYSTEM DESIGNED TO HELP USERS REACH A
DECISION WHEN A DECISION-MAKINGSITUATIONARISES. A
VARIETY OF DSSS EXIST TO HELP WITH A RANGE
OFDECISIONS.

A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM USES DATA FROM

INTERNAL AND/OR EXTERNAL SOURCES.

INTERNAL SOURCES OF DATA MIGHT INCLUDE SALES,

MANUFACTURING, INVENTORY, OR FINANCIAL DATA FROM
AN ORGANIZATION’SDATABASE. DATA FROM
EXTERNALSOURCES COULD INCLUDE INTEREST RATES,
POPULATION TRENDS, AND COSTS OF NEW HOUSING
CONSTRUCTION OR RAW MATERIAL PRICING. USERS OF A
DSS, OFTEN MANAGERS, CAN MANIPULATE THE DATA USED
IN THE DSS TO HELP WITH DECISIONS.
 DECISION SUPPORTSYSTEMS
SOME DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS INCLUDE QUERY
LANGUAGE, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS CAPABILITIES,
SPREADSHEETS, AND GRAPHICS THAT HELP YOU EXTRACT
DATA AND EVALUATETHERESULTS. SOME DECISION
SUPPORT SYSTEMS ALSO INCLUDE CAPABILITIES THAT
ALLOW YOU TO CREATE A MODEL OF THE FACTORS
AFFECTING ADECISION.

A SIMPLE MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE BEST

PRODUCT PRICE, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD INCLUDE FACTORS
FOR THE EXPECTED SALES VOLUME AT EACHPRICELEVEL.
WITH THE MODEL, YOU CAN ASK WHAT-IF QUESTIONS BY
CHANGING ONE OR MORE OF THE FACTORS AND VIEWING
THE PROJECTED RESULTS. MANY PEOPLE USE APPLICATION
SOFTWARE PACKAGES TO PERFORMDSSFUNCTIONS.USING
SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE, FOR EXAMPLE, YOU CAN
COMPLETE SIMPLE MODELING TASKS OR WHAT-
IFSCENARIOS.
 DECISION SUPPORTSYSTEMS
USING SPREADSHEET SOFTWARE, FOR EXAMPLE, YOU CAN
COMPLETE SIMPLE MODELING TASKS OR WHAT-
IFSCENARIOS.
 EXPERT SYSTEMS
AN INFORMATION SYSTEM THAT CAPTURES AND STORES
THE KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN EXPERTS AND THEN IMITATES
HUMAN REASONING AND DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES
FOR THOSE WHO HAVELESSEXPERTISE. EXPERT SYSTEMS
ARE COMPOSED OF TWOMAINCOMPONENTS: A
KNOWLEDGE BASE AND INFERENCERULES.

A knowledge base is the combined subject knowledge

and experiencesof thehumanexperts. The inference rules
are a set of logical judgments applied to the knowledge
base each time a user describes a situation to the
expertsystem.
 EXPERT SYSTEMS
EXPERT SYSTEMS ARE ONE PART OF AN EXCITING
BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE CALLED ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IS THE
APPLICATION OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE TO COMPUTERS. AI
TECHNOLOGY CAN SENSE YOUR ACTIONS AND, BASED ON
LOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND PRIOR EXPERIENCE, WILL
TAKE THE APPROPRIATE ACTION TO COMPLETE THE TASK.
AI HAS A VARIETY OF CAPABILITIES, INCLUDING SPEECH
RECOGNITION, LOGICAL REASONING, AND CREATIVE
RESPONSES.
 INTEGRATED INFORMATIONSYSTEMS
WITH TODAY’S SOPHISTICATED HARDWARE, SOFTWARE
AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES, IT OFTEN IS
DIFFICULT TO CLASSIFY A SYSTEM AS BELONGING
UNIQUELY TO ONE OF THE FIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM
TYPESDISCUSSED.

MUCH OF TODAY’S APPLICATION SOFTWARE SUPPORTS

TRANSACTION PROCESSING AND GENERATES
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION. OTHER APPLICATIONS
PROVIDE TRANSACTION PROCESSING, MANAGEMENT
INFORMATION, AND DECISION SUPPORT. ALTHOUGH
EXPERT SYSTEMS STILL OPERATE PRIMARILY AS SEPARATE
SYSTEMS, ORGANIZATIONS INCREASINGLY ARE
CONSOLIDATING THEIR INFORMATION NEEDS INTO A
SINGLE, INTEGRATED INFORMATIONSYSTEM.
Best of
Relevance

Information
Timeliness

Accurate

Economy

Efficiency
 RELEVANCE
• IT IS EASY TOACCESS
• IT IS VERYFAST
• THE RESULTS ARE MEANINGFUL IN RELATION TO THE
SEARCH STRING
• IT HAS GLOBAL REACH FOR THE SOURCING AS WELL AS
THE DISTRIBUTION
• IT OFFERS A FAIRLY COMPLETE VIEW OF PUBLICLY,
DIGITALLY AVAILABLEINFORMATION
• DIFFERENT RESULTS CAN BECOMPARED
 TIMELINESS
MOST INFORMATION SOURCES INDICATE A DATE OF
PUBLICATION. IF A SOURCE PROVIDES NO INFORMATION
ON WHEN IT WAS CREATED OR PUBLISHED, IT MAY NOT BE
APPROPRIATE TO USE IF TIMELINESS IS IMPORTANT FOR
YOUR TOPIC. IN THE WEB ENVIRONMENT, A DATE OF
PUBLICATION IS NOT ALWAYS GIVEN. WHEN IT IS, IT IS
SOMETIMES DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE DATE
REFERS TO WHEN THE INFORMATION WAS FIRST WRITTEN,
PLACED ON THE WEB, OR LASTREVISED.
 ACCURATE
Many documents contain references and in-text citations
that can be used to confi rm data or factual statements.
When reading scholarly or peer-reviewed publications you
can expect to see references to verify the facts and
perspectives presented. If thesereferences are not
available, the accuracy of theinformation may
bequestionable.
 ECONOMY
APPROPRIATE RESOURCES MUST BE USED COST
EFFICIENTLY

EFFICIENCY

THE USE OF RESOURCES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF

ANY OF THEM HAVE SOMETHING TO LOOK FORWARD TO
SUCCESSFUL OUTCOME AND THE RESULTS OBTAINED BY
USING THE LEAST RESOURCES, UNDER THE ACTION IS
GOING TOSAVE.
 SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
LIFE CYCLE
 Project
Planning
Phase
IT INVOLVES CREATING OF A SET OF
PLANS TO HELP GUIDE YOUR TEAM
THROUGH THE EXECUTION AND
CLOSURE PHASES OF THE PROJECT.

The plans created during this phase will

help you to manage time, cost, quality,
change, risk and issues. They will also
help you manage staff and external
suppliers, to ensure that you deliver the
project on time and within budget
Summarize of thisphase
• Defi neproblem
• Feasibility study
• Scheduling
• Established team
• Projectimplementation

Project Planning
Phase
 Analysis
Phase
ANALYSIS SHOULD COME EARLY IN
ANY PROJECT, AND THE MOST
IMPORTANT PART OF THAT ANALYSIS IS
THE GATHERING OF BUSINESS
REQUIREMENTS. LEARN ABOUT
PRODUCT AND PROCESS
REQUIREMENTS AND HOW TO
EFFECTIVELY DETERMINE AND
PRIORITIZE CUSTOMER NEEDS.
Main concepts of the
analysisphase:
• What business
requirementsare……..
• How to gather
businessrequirements
• Process modeling (Used Data
Flow Diagram: DFD)
• Data modeling (Used Entity-
Relationship Diagram: ERD)

Analysis Phase
USED DATA FLOW
DIAGRAM: DFD
USED ENTITY-REL ATIONSHIP DIAGRAM:
ERDUSED ENTITY-REL ATIONSHIP
DIAGRAM: ERD
 Design Phase
OFTEN THIS PHASE OF THE
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFECYCLE IS
DIVIDED INTO LOGICAL AND
PHYSICALDESIGN.

LOGICAL DESIGN MAPS THE

CONCEPTUAL MODEL TO A
PARTICULAR DBMS MODEL OR A
REPRESENTATION OF THE SOFTWARE

PHYSICAL DESIGN IS CONCERNED

WITH TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS.
HARDWARE AND NETWORK ISSUED
ARE CONSIDERED ALONG WITH DATA
STORAGE STRUCTURES FOR FILES OR
DATABASES
Main concepts of the designphase:
• Approach to systems development
• System architecture design
• Data Baseddesign
• Outputdesign
• Inputdesign
• User interface design
• Prepare the prototype
• Program design

Design Phase
Implementation
Phase
 Maintenance
Phase
MAINTENANCE OF THE SYSTEM
ALSO SPANS MANY PHASES OF
THE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
LIFECYCLE. MAINTENANCE
INCLUDES ADJUSTING THE
SYSTEM TO MEET ANY ALTERED
OR ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS,
ADJUSTING THE SYSTEM
DOCUMENTATION TO REFLECT
THOSE CHANGES, AND
RECTIFYING ANY PROBLEMS
UNCOVERED IN TESTING.
• DirectInstallation
• ParallelInstallation
• PhasedInstallation
• PilotInstallation

Installation
Techniques
THANK
YOU!

S V I AT O S L AV H N AT I V A M AY 3 , 2 0 2 3