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Allied Mathematics - I Unit I Partial Fractions

The document provides an overview of partial fractions, focusing on the definitions of rational functions, improper and proper rational functions. It explains the decomposition of improper rational functions into a polynomial and a proper rational function, as well as methods for partial fractions decomposition based on the factors of the denominator. Four cases for partial fractions decomposition are outlined, depending on the nature of the denominator's factors.

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60 views10 pages

Allied Mathematics - I Unit I Partial Fractions

The document provides an overview of partial fractions, focusing on the definitions of rational functions, improper and proper rational functions. It explains the decomposition of improper rational functions into a polynomial and a proper rational function, as well as methods for partial fractions decomposition based on the factors of the denominator. Four cases for partial fractions decomposition are outlined, depending on the nature of the denominator's factors.

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rn5948691
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT I

PARTIAL FRATIONS

Dr. T. VENKATESAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Statistics
St. Joseph’s College, Trichy-2.
Partial Fractions
• Rational function
– A ratio of two polynomials
– Rx  Px  Qx , where P and Q are polynomials.
• Improper rational function
– The degree of P is greater than or equal to the
degree of Q.
• Proper rational function
– The degree of Q is greater than the degree of P.
Improper Rational Functions
• Can be written as the sum of a polynomial and a
proper rational function.

– R x  
Px  r x 
 px 
Qx  Qx 
– Where deg(P(x))  deg(Q(x)) and deg(r(x)) < deg(Q(x))

• Use long division of Q(x) into P(x) to accomplish


this.
Examples

x2
x 1

x3  x 2  2 x  1
x2  2x  2
Examples

x2  1 
x 1 dx  x  1  x 1  dx

3 2
x  x  2x  1  2 x 1 
 x 2  2 x  2 dx  x  1  x 2  2 x  2  dx
Partial Fractions Decomposition
• A method for rewriting a proper rational
function as a sum of simpler rational
functions.
• Let’s start with the proper rational function
R(x) = P(x)/Q(x).
– We need to consider 4 cases…
Case 1
• Q(x) factors into n linear factors.
– Qx  x  a1 x  a2  x  an , where
ai a j  i, j i  j .
• In this case, the partial fractions
decomposition of R(x) is…
– Px   A1  A2    An for some
Qx  x  a1 x  a2 x  an
constants A1 , A2 ,  , An .
Case 2
• Q(x) has only linear factors, including some
repeated factors.
• Suppose Q(x) contains the factor (xa) a total
of n times
– i.e., Q(x) contains the factor (xa)n
– The partial fractions decomposition of R(x) must
include:
A1 A2 An
  
x  a x  a 2
x  a n
Case 3
• Q(x) contains an irreducible quadratic
polynomial.
– ax2 + bx + c, where b2  4ac < 0.
– Has no real roots.
• The partial fractions decomposition of R(x)
must include:
Ax  B
ax 2  bx  c
Case 4
• Q(x) contains an irreducible quadratic
polynomial, raised to the nth power.
– (ax2 + bx + c)n, where b2  4ac < 0.
• The partial fractions decomposition of R(x)
must include:
A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 An x  Bn
  
ax  bx  c ax 2  bx  c 
2 2
ax  bx  c 
2 n

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