INTERNET OF THINGS

(IoT)

Dr. John P. Abraham

Professor
UTRGV
What is IoT
• Interconnection of logically and/or physically related physical and
virtual things to gather data to analyze, manage and make decisions.
• IoT devices are growing at the rate of 10% per year
• Businesses already collecting data regarding your browsing behavior
for the purpose of targeted sales.
• Why not expand the data collection by adding devices in a group that
is beneficial to any decision making such as medical, farming, device
management, weather, and sports to name a few.
IOT makes life easier
• Connect electronics, software, sensors, etc and allow them to
communicate with each other to produce a better experience.
• Example an iphone has gyroscope, compass, gps, contact list,
addresses, search engines, cameras, locks, parking, face identification,
etc. Things that took hours now are on your fingertip saving great
deal of time.
• Remote medicine, prescriptions, automated driving, drone fighters,
etc. iWatch has saved lives.
• We are dependent more on more on things.
• IOT interconnects, analyzes, and integrates things.
Goal of IoT
• smart homes, smart cities, smart hospitals, Manufacturing, Retail,
Security, etc.
• unification of technologies: cloud computing, big-data, machine
learning
• Applications: smart parking and traffic, smart lighting and air flow, smart grid,
smart roads, health industry, safety, smart manufacturing, distribution and
sales, etc.
• Two examples next slides
 IOT standardizes
connectivity, analysis
and integration
Adds virtual layers to connection to the cloud is standardized.
High speed stream processing, storage of intermediate data points.
Analysis of data points real time.
Commands (signals) can be sent to integrated devices.
Functional Blocks of IoT
• Devices: Sensing, Actuation, Control, Monitoring
• Wearable, smart watches, phones, automobiles, Industrial machines
• Devices equipped with embedded systems, processor, communication, etc
• Low powered RFID, Nanodevices, Sensors, smart networks
• Exchange information: wired and wireless communication using data
link, network, transport and application layers
• Local or cloud storage
• Process: locally or in the IoT infrastructure
Basic Architecture
• Application Layer
• Where we can develop IOT applications
• Network Layer
• Connecting things together using some sort of virtualization
• Perception Layer
• Sensors, actuators, environment
RFID – Radio Frequency
Identification
• Identify and track objects
• Object sends signal when the reader is in range
• 2 parts to RFID system – RFID reader and RFID tag
• RFID tag
• Passive tag. Uses power from the radio waves of the reader. Short range (20’. )
cheaper. Most prevalent.
• Active tag – own power supply for powering its circuits and transmit radio
waves to the transmitter. Longer range (100’)
• Semi-active – own power to supply powering its circuits, but for radio
transmission uses power from transmitter radio waves
RFID PASSIVE TAG
RFID READER
Smart Home
• Smart home technology (home automation or domotics) provides
homeowners security, comfort, convenience and energy efficiency.
• control smart devices, often by a smart home app on their smartphone
• smart home systems and devices often operate together, sharing consumer
usage data among themselves and automating actions based on the
homeowners' preferences.
• Locks, Security cameras, thermostat & vent control, TV, Alexa, appliances,
lighting, water, gate and garage openers
Smart city – Automation
• Street and traffic lights- road sensors and cameras feed through a centralized computer system
• Transportation – Bicycles anyone can use, electric car sharing program
• Parking - wireless sensors to detect parking-space occupancy in metered spaces
• Infrastructure and maintenance
• Waste management (including waste water) -smart waste and recycling system
• Air quality – City environmental sensors. Block by block sensing of temperature, humidity,
light, air quality, wind, and precipitation
• Crime
• Architecture
• Energy usage and distribution - sensors to save electricity by intuitively adjusting the
brightness of street lights, based on the presence of automobiles and pedestriansTraffic flow
• Pedestrian and bicycle needs
IoT Specific Architecture (evolving)
• No standardized architecture exists as of 2019, but many proposals.
• At the minimum we have 4 layers
• Network of Things –Smart devices: sensors, gps, RFID,, smart phones, cameras, cars etc.
Devices and sensors work in Edge.
• Gathering physical world (analog) and converting to digital data
• These devices can communicate with each other and to the upper layer
• Wired or wireless network: Ethernet, Wifi, PAN, etc.
• Routers other gateway devices connecting WAN. Edge and CLOUD connected by Gateway
• Centralized Data collection service
• CLOUD services with many servers, large memory and storage
• Decision making and application of specified services
• Management Service layer
• Device controllers: lock opening, giving out cash, applying fertilizers, etc.
• User layer
IoT layers in the whole network -
evolving
Specific IoT Data protocols
• Much of the work needs to be done in the Edge rather than the
Cloud, because of the latency involved in Cloud. So D2D (device to
device, D2C (device to cloud) and C2C communication should be
possible.
• MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) protocol. Mostly for
Device to Cloud communication
• CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol). Lightweight fast HTTP. There
is a Proxy between the HTTP client and CoAP server. Can be installed
in very small devices. GET/POST/PUT/DELETE. Content type: XML,
JSON, etc.)
MQTT
Publish something to a Topic1 (eg. Temp) and Subscriber subscribes to a Topic. MOSQUITTO is an example of
a broker that can be installed on Raspberry Pi.

Subscriber 1
Publisher 1
Topic 1
Publisher 2 Subscriber 2

Topic 2
Publisher 3 Subscriber 3

Publisher sends Last Will and Testament: if I die, please notify all subscribers to retain the last value I sent
CoAP – designed for devices with
constraints. HTTP has no constraints or restrictions

• Lightweight fast HTTP. Can be installed in very small devices. 1-to-1

communication.
• Developed to enable smart devices to connect to Internet
• Get and Observe – when state changes it can push a
message.
• Discovery – it can discover sensors around.
• There is a Proxy between the HTTP client and CoAP server.
• GET/POST/PUT/DELETE. Content type: XML, JSON, etc.).
CoAP runs over UDP
Industry applications
• Fieldbus – mainly used in manufacturing assembly lines, process
control, etc. Connects instruments in shop-floor. Old days they were
connected using serial RS232. Now Modbus TCP (ethernet).
Programmable Fieldbus Controllers now available.
• IO-Link device. For communication with sensors and actuators.
Cloud – AWS, Azure, Rackspace ..
• Azure – cloud computing: a platform that gives computing resources
• Machine learning and data analysis, data storage and backup, streaming
media, etc.
• Many categories of services, including IoT
• Azure IoT hub – establish bi-directional communication with IoT devices. SDKs
• You can create a free account and create an IOT hub.
Amazon Web Services and Big Data
• Social Media
• eCommerce
• Genetics
• Weather
• Hadoop. I have given seminar courses in this topic.
Practical stuff
• Windows 10 core for IoT and Raspberry Pi
• http://windowsondevices.com
• We can install several operating systems on Pi, mostly Linux flavors
• Windows 10 core is a small version of Windows 10 and is free
• You can find all of them on raspberrypi.org downloads section.
• You can also purchase Raspberry Pi Sense HAT (or other third party hats) to interact with
the world around us.
• This hat will enable you to read: Orientation via an accelerometer
• Pressure, Humidity and temperature
• You can write programs in Python