a d

i
CD DVD or
Blu-ray Headphon Printer
es

Starter b
e Sim Card
h
Scanner
Mouse

c f
Keyboard SD Card
USB Stick or
Memory
Stick
3.2 Types of
access

• Serial Access
• Direct
Access
  Start at the beginning of the file and then
access in turn until the required record is
found.
 Primarily used on magnetic tape system
 Slow form of data access
3.2.1
Serial
access
  When the original magnetic tape (masterfile) needs
updating, an additional tape (transaction file) is
required.
 The transaction file contains all the new data that the
master file needs to be updated with
A New tape

3.2.1 Old data

produced
from A and

Serial stored on
magnetic
B

access tape
B

New data to
be used to
update
master file
Serial Access
Where
Serial
Access is
used?
 Used with magnetic disks, optical
media and solid state media.

Computer uses the key field to

3.2.2 calculate where data should be stored.
Direct
access Much faster than with serial access

Used in vital data access speed such as

booking air tickets or automatic stock
control
Storage
Devices
and
Media
  Storage Device: This is the
machine that lets you write
data to and read data from
the storage medium.
Storage
media and
devices  Storage Media: the material
on which the data is stored,
e.g. magnetic tape or optical
disk
  All systems of the personal computer are equipped
with some form of secondary storage.
 BYTE is used to measure the size of memory or
storage.

Storage size Number of bytes Number of bytes

as power of 10
storage
media 1KB 1000 bytes 103 bytes

1MB 1 000 000 bytes 106 bytes

1GB 1 000 000 000 bytes 109 bytes

1TB 1 000 000 000 000 1012 bytes

bytes
3.1 Storage
Media
  3 types of storage media:
-magnetic
-optical
3.1 -solid state
Storage
media
Magnetic Storage Media
Fixed
/Internal
HDD
https://youtu.be/n6uPAL
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Information
HDD
HDD Parts
Uses of
Fixed HDD
Activity 1
 Uses
• Store operating system, systems software and working
data/files
• Store applications software
• Used in real time systems
• Used in file servers for computer networks

Fixed /
internal
hard disk
drives Advantages Disadvantages
• Have a very • Can be easily
fast data damaged
transfer rate • Have many moving
• Have very parts
large memory • Read/write operation
capacities can be quite noisy
 Uses Advantages Disadvantages
• Can be used as • Data access time • They can be easily
backup systems and data transfer damaged if
systems to rate is very fast dropped or
prevent loss of • They have a large subjected to a
data memory capacity strong magnetic
• Can be used to • They can be used field
Portable transfer
data/files/software
as a method of
transferring
Hard Disk between
computers
information
between
Drives
Magnetic
tape drives
and tapes
Magnetic
tape drives
and tapes
  Depend on the magnetic properties of certain
materials
 Coated on the surface of a disk or tape.
3.3.1  Many hard disk drive are made up of more than one
Magnetic disk. These disks are called platters

storage  Each platter is made from glass, ceramic or aluminum

coated in nickel alloy that can be magnetized.
media  In the case of tape, plastic that is coated in a
magnetic material is used to store the data
Fixed/  Store operating systems, systems software and
working data/files.
internal  Storing applications software that needs fast retrieval
hard disk and storage of data
drive  Used in real time systems (robots….)

(HDD)  Used in file servers for computer networks

Fixed/  They have a very fast data
internal transfer rate and fast access
hard disk times to data
drive  They have a very large memory
(HDD) capacities
advantages
Fixed/  Can be easily damaged if not
internal correctly shut down
hard disk  They have many moving parts
drive when compared to SSDs
(HDD)
 Their read/write operation can be
disadvantag
quite noisy compared to SSDs
es
  Can be used as backup systems
Portable to prevent loss of data
hard disk  Used to transfer
drives data/files/software between
computers.
  The data access time and data
Portable transfer rate is very fast
hard disk  They have large memory
drives capacity
advantag  They can be used as a method of
transferring information between
es computers.
Portable
hard disk  They can be easily damaged if
drives dropped or subjected to a strong
disadvantag magnetic field
es
  In applications where batch processing
is used
Magneti  Used as backup media since all data
needs to be stored
c tapes  Used in long-term archiving of data;
magnetic tapes have huge data
storage
Magnetic  Generally less expensive
tapes  It is a very robust technology
advantag  They have huge data storage capacity
 The data transfer rate is actually fast
es
Magnetic  Very slow data access time
tapes  When updating, another tape is need
disadvantag to store the final updated version
es  Affected by magnetic fields
3.3.2 OPTICAL
STORAGE MEDIA
  Laser light is used to read data and to write data on
the surface of the disk.
 The data is stored in pits and bumps on the spiral
CD/DVD track.
disks  Can be designated as follows:
R- write once only
ROM- can only be read
RW – can be written to or read from many times
  CD-ROM Store music files, software, computer games
and reference software
CD-ROM  DVD-ROM have much larger storage and are used to
store films
and DVD-  CD-ROMs and DVD-ROM are used in applications
ROM where there is a real need to prevent the deletion or
overwriting of important data.
CD-ROM  They hold far more data than floppy disks
and DVD-  They are less expensive than HDD systems
ROM
advantages
CD-ROM
and DVD-  The data transfer rate/data access
ROM time is slower than for hard disks.
disadvantag
es
  Home recordings of music (CD-R) and films (DVD-R)
CD-R and  Used to store data to be kept for later use or to be
DVD-R transferred to another computer.
CD-R and  Cheaper than RW disks
DVD-R  Once burned they are like a ROM
advantages
CD-R and
DVD-R  If finalized, CD-R/DVD-R can only be recorded on once

disadvantag  Not all CD/DVD players can CD-R/DVD-R

es
  Used to record television programs
CD-RW and  Not as wasteful as R format as more files/ data can be
DVD-RW added to at a later stage
 Used in CCTV systems
CD-RW and  Can be written over many times
DVD-RW  Can use different file formats
advantages each time it is used
CD-RW and  Can be relatively expensive
DVD-RW
 It is possible to accidentally
disadvantag
overwrite data
es
  Used in recording devices
DVD-RAM
 Used in camcorders
  Have long life
 Possible to do a rewrite operation over
100 000 times
 Writing on DVD-RAMs is very reliable
DVD-RAM  Very fast access
advantages  No need to finalize
 Large capacity
 Offer the ability to read data the same
time as data being written
  Not as compatible as R or RW format
DVD-RAM  Relatively expensive
disadvantag
 Have been superseded by newer
es technologies
  A blue laser, rather than red, is used to carry out read
BLU-RAY and write operations

DISCS  Using blue laser light means pits and bumps can be
much smaller
DIFFERENC  Uses a singal 1.1mm-thick polycarbonate disk
ES WITH  Using two sandwiched layers can cause birefringence

DVDs  Blue-ray discs automatically come with a secure

encryption system
  Used in home video consoles
 Storing and playing back movies
BLU-RAY  PCs can use this tech for data storage or backing up
DISCS hard drives
 Camcorders can use this media to store movie
footage
  Very large storage capacity, therefore ideal for storing
high-def movies

BLU-RAY  Very fast data transfer

 Data access speed is l=also greater than with other
DISCS optical media
advantages  Blu-ray discs automatically come with a secure
encryption system
BLU-RAY  Relatively expensive
DISCS  Encryption problems
disadvantag  Fewer movie titles on Blu-ray format, which is
reducing its impact on the home movie market
es
  Taking over HDDs
SSD  Include: memory sticks/pen drives, flash memory
cards