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Particle Model

The document discusses the particle model of matter, explaining the states of solids, liquids, and gases, along with their properties and behaviors. It covers concepts such as density, thermal energy, changes of state, and gas laws, including the relationship between temperature and pressure. Additionally, it introduces the concept of absolute zero and the behavior of elastic materials under force.

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superainbow1902
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10 views25 pages

Particle Model

The document discusses the particle model of matter, explaining the states of solids, liquids, and gases, along with their properties and behaviors. It covers concepts such as density, thermal energy, changes of state, and gas laws, including the relationship between temperature and pressure. Additionally, it introduces the concept of absolute zero and the behavior of elastic materials under force.

Uploaded by

superainbow1902
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PARTICLE MODEL

PARTICLES AND DENSITY


• Sublimation: when a solid turns straight into a
gas without becoming a liquid first
• Ice, water and water vapour are three different
states of matter
• The kinetic theory states that everything is
made of tiny particles
• In solids, forces of attraction hold particles
closely together, the particles can vibrate but
cannot move around
• Solids can keep their shape and usually cannot
be compressed
LIQUIDS AND GASES
• In liquids, the particles move faster than in
solids so the forces of attraction between the
particles are not strong enough to hold them
in fixed positions
• The liquid particles can move past each
other so liquids flow and take the shape of
their container
• The particles are still close together so
liquids usually can’t be compressed
• In a gas, the particles are far apart and move
quickly, gases are compressible and expand
to fill their container
DENSITY
• Density = mass of a certain volume of the substance
• Almost all substances are most dense when they are solids
and least dense when they are gases
ENERGY AND CHANGES OF STATE

When a solid stores The speed of the


Thermal energy is
more thermal particles in liquids
energy that is
energy, the and gases increase
transferred to a
vibrations of its when they gain
system by heating
particles increase energy

To maintain a store
The temperature of of thermal energy,
a substance the amount of
measures the energy transferred
movement of the to the surroundings
particles by heating needs to
be reduced
• The amount of thermal energy that is
stored in a system depends on its:
TEMPERATURE
MASS
THERMAL
MATERIAL
ENERGY
• The specific heat capacity of a material
is the amount of energy it takes to
increase the temperature of 1kg of the
substance by 1 degree Celsius
CHANGES OF STATE
• Specific latent heat =
the amount of energy
it takes to make 1kg
of a substance
change state
• There are specific
latent heats of
melting and of
evaporation
ENERGY CALCULATIONS
ENERGY CALCULATIONS
GAS TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

Particles in a gas are far apart and move around quickly

The temperature of a gas is a measure of the average kinetic


energy of the particles

The pressure of a gas is due to forces on the walls of a


container caused by moving particles hitting the walls

The faster the particles are moving, the more frequent the
collisions and therefore the more force they will exert
ABSOLUTE ZERO

• The temperature of -273 degrees


Celsius is called absolute zero
• At this temperature, a gas would
have a pressure of zero and the
particles would not be moving
• The kelvin temperature scale
measures temperatures relative
to absolute 0. 1K is the same
temperature interval as 1 degree
Celsius
BENDING AND STRETCHING
• Forces can deform or change the shape of an object
• If an object is elastic, it will return to its original shape when the forces are removed
• The extension of a spring is the change in length when forces are applied
• For a metal spring, there is usually a linear relationship between the force and the
length
EXTENSION AND ENERGY TRANSFERS
BOYLE’S LAW

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