M.E.Assignment no.

1 Intelligence System on Applications of AI techniques along with functionalities

Student's name Mamta Lalwani Submitted to Prof.Saurabh Medha

Definition of Intelligent Systems

There are many definitions of intelligence. A person that learns fast or one that has a vast amount of experience, could be called "intelligent". However for our purposes the most useful definition is: the systems comparative level of performance in reaching its objectives. This implies having experiences where the system learned which actions best let it reach its objectives. A system is part of the universe, with a limited extension in space and time. What is outside the frontier of the system, we call its environment. Stronger or more correlations exist between one part of the system and another, than between this part of the system and parts in the environment. An intelligent system learns how to act so it can reach its objectives. The Intelligent System has a temporary objective, that it has derived from its main objective.

It senses its environment, although we have to realize that it has only a few senses and that these can only capture, for instance, light and sound of an object, but can not capture or know the object itself. The system then stores these sense impressions as elementary concepts. Concepts are a material way of storing information. Working on concepts it creates new ones and stores relationships to other total, part, abstract and concrete concepts. With all the information, expressed as concepts, the system builds up the present situation. Now it looks into its memory and finds applicable response rule. It chooses one of the best it has found and performs the corresponding action. Response rules are a field of storage that includes the present situation to which the rule is applicable and the corresponding action. The intelligent system continually records the present situation and the action that followed as a response rule. The very first response rules are due to chance actions and to teaching.

Applications of AI
1. Expert Systems A knowledge engineerinterviews experts in a certain domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a computer program for carrying out some task. How well this works depends on whether the intellectual mechanisms required for the task are within the present state of AI. When this turned out not to be so, there were many disappointing results. One of the first expert systems was MYCIN in 1974,which diagnosed bacterial infections of the blood and suggested treatments. It did better than medical students or practicing doctors, provided its limitations were observed. Namely, its ontology included bacteria, symptoms, and treatments and did

not include patients, doctors, hospitals, death, recovery, and events occurring in time. Its interactions depended on a single patient being considered. Since the experts consulted by the knowledge engineers knew about patients, doctors, death, recovery, etc., it is clear that the knowledge engineers forced what the experts told them into a predetermined framework. In the present state of AI, this has to be true. The usefulness of current expert systems depends on their users having common sense.

2.Speech Recognition In the 1990s, computer speech recognition reached a practical level for limited purposes. Thus United Airlines has replaced its keyboard tree for flight information by a system using speech recognition of flight numbers and city names. It is quite convenient. On the other hand, while it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient. 3.Computer science AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science. Many of their inventions have been adopted by mainstream computer science and are no longer considered a part of AI. According to Russell & Norvig all of the following were originally

developed in AI laboratories: Time Sharing Interactive interpreters Graphical user interfaces and the computer mouse Rapid development environments The linked list data type Automatic Storage Management Symbolic Programming Functional Programming Dynamic Programming Object-Oriented Programming

4.Finance Banks use artificial intelligence systems to organize operations, invest in stocks, and manage properties. In August 2001, robots beat humans in a simulated financial trading competition. Financial institution have long used artificial neural network systems to detect charges or claims outside of the norm, flagging these for human investigation. 5.Heavy Industry Robots have become common in many industries. They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to humans. Robots have proven effective in jobs that are very repetitive which may lead to mistakes or accidents due to a lapse in concentration and other jobs which humans may find degrading. General Motors Corporation uses around 16,000 robots for tasks such as painting, welding, and assembly.

Japan is the leader in using and producing robots in the world. In 1995, 700,000 robots were in use worldwide; over 500,000 of which were from Japan. 6.The Computational Cockroach Beer builds a computer-simulated artificial cockroach in order to understand the neural mechanisms underlying some of its basic behviours: walking, wandering, recoil from objects, feeding. But his main interest is the mechanisms underlying the choice between behaviours . In some cases, one controller may supress or enable another directly by inhibitory or excitatory connections.

However matters aren't always so simple. One important point of Beer's work is that we can't understand the neural basis of such behaviours without also understanding the dynamics of the body. Beer starts with Pearson's work on the neural basis of cockroach walking . Pearson proposed a model for how each leg is controlled, and a suggestion about how control of different legs is coupled. Beer built a computer implementation of that model and found that it correctly predicted fast (tripod) gaits, but not slow ones . So Beer incorporated an idea - phase-locking - from a more general study on insects. This did predict the slow cockroach gaits, though not those of some other insects . In summary, Beer implemented an existing model, discovered that it was insufficient, and demonstrated some plausible additions that made it more predictive. Implementing a theory on the computer forces one to consider details that might otherwise be neglected.

7.Helping motorists from police reports - Poetic A typical example of a symbolic AI application. ``Portable Extendable Traffic Information Collator''. A natural-language system which reads police incident logs and selects out information about those traffic problems which might concern other motorists. From these, builds up a coherent description of each incident, and then works out how motorists in the area might avoid the problem. Converts the advice into English, and then decides where best to broadcast each message 8.Telecommunication Many telecommunications companies make use of heuristic search in the management of their workforces, for example BT Group has deployed heuristic search in a scheduling application that provides the work schedules of 20000 engineers.

9.Aviation The Artificial Operations Division has use for artificial intelligence for surrogate operators for combat and training simulators, mission management aids, support systems for tactical decision making, and post processing of the simulator data into symbolic summaries. The use of artificial intelligence in simulators is proving to be very useful for the AOD. Airplane simulators are using artificial intelligence in order to process the data taken from simulated flights. Other than simulated flying, there is also simulated aircraft warfare. The computers are able to come up with the best success scenarios in these situations. The computers can also create strategies based on the placement, size, speed, and strength of the forces and counter forces. Pilots may be given assistance in the air during combat by computers.

The artificial intelligent programs can sort the information and provide the pilot with the best possible maneuvers, not to mention getting rid of certain maneuvers that would be impossible for a sentient being to perform. Multiple aircraft are needed to get good approximations for some calculations so computer simulated pilots are used to gather data. These computer simulated pilots are also used to train future air traffic controllers. 10.Music The evolution of music has always been affected by technology.With AI, scientists are trying to make the computer emulate the activities of the skillful musician. Composition, performance, music theory, sound processing are some of the major areas on which research in Music and Artificial Intelligence are focusing.