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Draft Module4

The document discusses various digital modulation techniques, including coherent and non-coherent binary modulation methods such as PSK, FSK, and DPSK. It covers the principles of modulation, demodulation, and the design goals for selecting modulation schemes, as well as specific techniques like QPSK and M-ary QAM. Additionally, it provides insights into the signal space diagrams and probability of error calculations for these modulation techniques.

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3 views

Draft Module4

The document discusses various digital modulation techniques, including coherent and non-coherent binary modulation methods such as PSK, FSK, and DPSK. It covers the principles of modulation, demodulation, and the design goals for selecting modulation schemes, as well as specific techniques like QPSK and M-ary QAM. Additionally, it provides insights into the signal space diagrams and probability of error calculations for these modulation techniques.

Uploaded by

chethanm9945
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module-4

Digital Modulation Techniques: Digital Modulation


formats, Coherent binary modulation techniques, Probability
of error derivation of PSK and FSK, M-ary modulations-
QPSK, QAM, Non-coherent binary modulation techniques -
DPSK

02/17/2025 Dept. of ECE, DSCE 1


Digital Modulation formats
 Modulation is defined as the process by which some characteristics
of a carrier is varied in accordance with a modulating wave.
 In digital communications, the modulating wave consists of binary
data or an M-ary encoded version of it.
 In M-ary signalling, the modulator produces one of an available set
of M=2m distinct signals in response to m bits of source data at a
time.
 Binary modulation is a special case of M-ary modulation with M=2.
 For modulation, it is customary to use a sinusoidal wave.
 There are 3 basic modulation techniques for the transmission of
digital data.
◦ Amplitude Shift Keying
◦ Frequency Shift Keying
◦ Phase Shift Keying
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 PSK and FSK have constant envelope. Therefore they are
impervious to amplitude nonlinearities.
 Used in Microwave radio links and satellite channels.
 In practice, PSK and FSK signals are much more widely
used than ASK signals.
 Note: Sometimes, a hybrid form of modulation is used.
 Example: changes in both amplitude and phase of the
carrier are combined to produce amplitude-phase keying
(APK).

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Demodulation at the receiver:
Demodulation can be either
a)Coherent or
b) Noncoherent detection.

a) Coherent:
-Exact replicas of possible arriving signals are available at the receiver.
-Receiver is phase-locked to the transmitter.
- It is performed by cross-correlating the received signal with each one of the
replicas, and then making a decision based on comparisions with preselected
thresholds.

b) Non-coherent:
-Knowledge of the carrier wave’s phase is not required.
-Complexity of the receiver is reduced.
-It exhibits an inferior error performance, compared to a coherent
system.
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 The choice among different scheme is made based on attaining as
many of the following design goals.
1. Maximum data rate.
2. Minimum probability of symbol error.
3. Minimum transmitted power.
4. Minimum channel bandwidth
5. Maximum resistance to interfering signals

6. Minimum circuit complexity.

02/17/2025 Dept. of ECE, DSCE 6


Coherent binary modulation techniques:
1. Coherent Binary ASK
2. Coherent Binary FSK
3. Coherent Binary PSK

02/17/2025 Dept. of ECE, DSCE 7


Coherent Binary PSK
In binary PSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are represented as
2 Eb
s(t)= s1(t)= T
cos2пfct for 0≤ t≤Tb for symbol 1
b

2 Eb
s2 (t)= cos(2пfct + п ) for 0≤ t≤Tb for symbol 0
Tb
2 Eb
= - Tb
cos2пfct

2
Basis function Φ1 (t) = T cos2пfct for 0≤ t≤Tb
b

Binary PSK can be written as


E b
s(t)= s1(t)= Φ1 (t) for 0≤ t≤Tb for symbol 1
E
s2 (t)= - Φ1 (t) for 0≤ t≤Tb for symbol 0
b

A coherent binary PSK system is characterized by one-dimensional signal space.


(N=1), and with two message points( M=2)
The coordinates o message points equal Tb
T b
E b E b

s11= 0ʃ s1(t) Φ1 (t) dt= + s21=0ʃ s2(t) Φ1 (t) dt= -


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Signal space diagram for coherent binary PSK system

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Computing the probability of error

2
Tb

Dept. of ECE, DSCE 11


 Substitute mean and variance in PDF equations,

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PSK generation and Detection

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Coherent Binary FSK:
In binary FSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are distinguished from each other by transmitting one
of two sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed amount.

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Signal space diagram for coherent binary FSK system

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Modulator and demodulator for FSK

02/17/2025 Dept. of ECE, DSCE 25


DPSK(Differential Phase–Shift Keying)
 Its non coherent version of PSK.
 It eliminates the need for a coherent reference signal at the receiver
by combining two basic operations at the transmitter.
1)Differential-encoding of the input binary wave.
2)Phase-shift keying

02/17/2025 Dept. of ECE, DSCE 26


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QPSK (Quadriphase-shift keying)
 This modulation scheme is characterised by the fact that the
information carried by the transmitted wave is contained in
the phase.
 The phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally spaced
values, such as п/4, 3п/4, 5п/4, 7п/4.
 Each possible value of the phase corresponds to a unique pair
of bits called a dibit. (ex; set of phase values may represent
the gray encoded set of dibits: 10,00,01 and 11)

02/17/2025 Dept. of ECE, DSCE 29


 There are only two orthonormal basis functions Φ1(t) and
Φ2(t) , in the expansion si(t).
2
 Φ1(t)= T cos(2пfct) 0≤t≤T
2
 Φ2(t)= T sin(2пfct) 0≤t≤T
 There are 4 message points, and the associated signal
vectors are defined by
E
si = cos ((2i-1) п/4)
E
sin ((2i-1) п/4) i= 1,2,3,4

02/17/2025 Dept. of ECE, DSCE 30


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Signal space diagram for coherent QPSK system

Partition the signal space into four regions:s 1,


s2.s3.s4.
Mark the regions Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4.

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DPSK transmitter

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DPSK Receiver

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Input Binary Sequence {bK} 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

Differentially Encoded 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
sequence {dK}

Transmitted Phase 0 0 Π 0 0 Π 0 0 0

Received Sequence 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1
(Demodulated Sequence)

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M-ary QAM
QAM-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Here, carrier experiences amplitude as
well as phase modulation.
Number of bits in a symbol b=log 2M
If M=16, its called 16 QAM. b =4;

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