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DataBase System Lec. 4

The document discusses data models, which are integrated collections of concepts for describing data, relationships, and constraints within an organization. It outlines three main components of data models: structural rules, manipulative operations, and integrity rules, and describes three types of record-based logical data models: hierarchical, network, and relational. The hierarchical model has limitations such as data loss upon deletion and difficulty in insertion, while the network model allows for more complex relationships but can lead to data inconsistency during updates.

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5 views8 pages

DataBase System Lec. 4

The document discusses data models, which are integrated collections of concepts for describing data, relationships, and constraints within an organization. It outlines three main components of data models: structural rules, manipulative operations, and integrity rules, and describes three types of record-based logical data models: hierarchical, network, and relational. The hierarchical model has limitations such as data loss upon deletion and difficulty in insertion, while the network model allows for more complex relationships but can lead to data inconsistency during updates.

Uploaded by

walaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DataBase System

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT


FOURTH STAGE
ASSIST.LECTURER: WALA’A HUSSEIN ALKAMIL
Data Model

 It is an integrated collection of concepts for describing


data, relationships between data and constraints on the
data in an organization.
 A model is a representation of real world objects and
events and their associations.
 It should provide the basic concepts and notations that
will allow database designers and users unambiguously
and accurately to communicate their understanding of
the organizational data.
 The purpose of a data model is to represent data and to
make the data understandable.
 If it does this, then it can be easily used to design a
database.
Data Model - Continued

A data model can be thought of as comprising three


components:
 A structural part, consisting of a set of rules
according to which databases can be constructed.
 A manipulative part, defining the types of
operations that are allowed on the data (this
includes the operations that are used for updating
or retrieving data from the database and for
changing the structure of the database).
 Possibly a set of integrity rules, which ensures that
the data is accurate.
Record based Data Model

There are three principle types of record based logical


data models:
 relational data model
 network data model
 hierarchical data model.
Hierarchical Data Model

 This model is a restricted type of network model.


 Again, data is represented as collections of records
and relationships are represented by sets.
 However, the hierarchical model allows a node to
have only one parent.
 A hierarchical model can be represented as a tree
graph with only one root; with records appearing as
nodes also called segments and sets as edges. This
model is used to represent (1:1) and (1: M) relation.
(M:N) cannot be represented directly and it need to
use many (1:M) relation to represent it which will
cause data redundancy.
Hierarchical Data Model -
Continued
 The main disadvantage of this model is that if there
is any need for deleting anything, it will cause to
lose data, because the root will be deleted.
 The insertion process with this model is impossible.
 while with the updating process we need to search
within the entire tree and it maybe cause data to
become inconsistence.
Network Data Model

 This model can be regarded as an extended form of


hierarchical model.
 The principal distinction between the two is as
follow: in a hierarchical model, a child record has
exactly one parent; in a network model, a child
record can have any number of parents and possibly
zero.
 In this model, data is represented as a collection of
records and relationships are represented by sets.
The records are organized as generalized graph
structures with records appearing as nodes and sets
as edges in the graph.
Network Data Model -
Continued
 This model can be used to represent (M:N) relations.
 The insertion of new record is a simple operation.
 The deletion process is moderate simple but it need
for adjustment which will be done automatically.
 The updating process will take a long time and it will
cause the data to become inconsistence.
 Finally, this model it appears to be complex model.

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