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Solid Mechanics

The document discusses constitutive equations in solid mechanics, explaining how solids deform in response to various stresses and conditions. It covers linear elasticity, including Hooke's law, and the relationships between different elastic constants such as Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of elasticity and the proportional relationship between stress and strain as defined by Hooke's law.

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arijitmandal4578
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29 views19 pages

Solid Mechanics

The document discusses constitutive equations in solid mechanics, explaining how solids deform in response to various stresses and conditions. It covers linear elasticity, including Hooke's law, and the relationships between different elastic constants such as Young's modulus, shear modulus, and bulk modulus. The conclusion emphasizes the significance of elasticity and the proportional relationship between stress and strain as defined by Hooke's law.

Uploaded by

arijitmandal4578
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELITTE COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING
Department : Mechanical Engineering
Name : Arijit Mandal
Roll No. : 34600723011
Year : 3rd YR
Semester : 5th Semester
Subject : Solid Mechanics
Subject code : PC ME 502
CA1 Topic : Constitutive equation in stress strain problem
Constitutive equation in stress strain
problem

Constitutive equations tell us how a solid deforms


(in time) as a response to stresses, to changes of
temperature and to changes of pore pressure among
others. How to choose a constitutive equation
depends on the material properties, the magnitude of
strain changes, the magnitude of stresses, and the
loading rate among other factors.
The simplest constitutive relationship for solids is linear elasticity, in which stresses and strains are
linearly related by constant coefficients.
The examples correspond to applications of linear elasticity in various dimensions:
 TOP) Hooke's law: the force [N] required to produce an elongation [m] in a spring with
mechanical constant [N/m] is

 MIDDLE) Consider a prismatic solid bar with cross sectional area and length . The force required
to produce an elongation [m] is inversely proportional to , and proportional to proportional to ,
and (the stiffness modulus of the solid), such that
 which can be expressed as stress and strain

 BOTTOM) In general, the stress tensor is proportional to the


strain tensor through the stiffness tensor
From Hooke's law to generalized 3D linear elasticity.
 Hooke’s law
 (Stress – strain) Hooke’s law
Linear isotropic elasticity

Consider a prismatic solid with length to which we apply a


stress on top face 3 . The bottom face is not allowed to
move in direction 3 but it can slide sideways. The four other
faces are free to move in all directions. Notice that the top
face can also deform in directions 1 and 2. The Young
modulus is defined as the ratio between the applied
stress and the resulting strain (in the direction of the applied
stress)
The solid will most likely tend to enlarge in the direction
perpendicular to the stress applied. The Poisson ratio (greek
letter nu) is defined as (-1) times the ratio between the strain
perpendicular to the applied stress (or ) and the strain in the
direction of the applied stress
Unconfined stress loading (compression) of a linear elastic isotropic solid.
Because the solid is isotropic, the same equations are valid for compression in any
other direction, and also in tension.
The real behavior of rocks differs from the linear elastic assumption. shows a
schematic representation of a typical unconfined loading test. The figure plots
axial stress in the vertical axis and axial strain in the horizontal axis. Often, rock
plugs are not perfectly parallel or may have some microcracks. Both features
make the initial loading stress-strain behavior look less stiff than the actual rock
stiffness. After the initial loading, the rock may show a linear response -where the
Young modulus is measured- followed by softening approaching rock failure and
the peak stress. When the test is performed under unconfined conditions, the peak
stress is termed the “unconfined compressive strength (UCS)” of the rock (further
explained in Section 4). The Poisson ratio can be measured in the same range of
the measurement of when lateral strain transducers are available.
Drive relation between elastic
constants

 Elastic Constants
To maintain the elastic limit, the stress-to-strain ratio remains constant.
There's a reason for the elastic constant: there are four types of elastic
constants, and the SI unit is N/m2.
Elastic moduli are constants that describe the behaviour of materials under
stress, how they deform, and how they rebound to their initial structure after
the stress is removed. Among the elastic constants are the Lame constant,
Poisson’s ratio, shear modulus, and Young’s modulus. Seismology relies on
elastic constants and rock density to determine the velocity of seismic waves.
The formula for the elastic constant (Ec)
E=9KG ⁄ G+3k
This property of a material is known as its Bulk modulus or K, and the shear
modulus of rigidity modulus G is the modulus of elasticity of Young’s modulus.
Type of elastic constants

There are three types of elastic constants;


1. Normal stress/ Normal strain = Young’s Modulus
2. Shear stress/ Shear strain = Shear modulus or
3. Direct stress/ Volumetric strain = Bulk modulus (K)
 Young’s Modulus:

This law states that the stress applied to an object is proportional to the
strain within the elastic limits of that object when tensile or compressive
stress is applied to it. Young’s modulus, or the modulus of elasticity, is a
constant ratio of applied stress to strain.
The normal stress-to-strain ratio is the ratio of normal stress (σ) to
longitudinal strain (s) (e).
 Modulus of Rigidity:
the measure of shear stress to strain ratio (es). When referring
to it, use G or C.
G= τ/es
 Bulk Modulus or Volume Modulus of Elasticity (K):

Normal stress divided by volumetric strain can be defined as


the ratio of normal stress to volumetric strain.
K serves as an identifier. Volume change without changing the
material’s shape or form is called Bulk modulus.
K = Direct Stress / Volumetric strain
Relation between elastic constants

Relation between elastic constants


Elastic constants include a solid’s Young’s modulus, Bulk
modulus, and rigidity modulus. A solid’s original dimension
changes when a deforming force is applied. For example, we
can use the relation between elastic constants to estimate the
deformation’s magnitude.
E=9KG ⁄ G+3k
The Bulk modulus K, on the other hand,
Shear modulus or rigidity modulus G
Relation between elastic constants

 Derivation of the relation between elastic constants


It is possible to derive the relationship between elastic
constants by combining terms individually.
Poisson’s ratio and Bulk modulus can be used to calculate the
Young modulus.
E=3K(1-2μ)
Young’s modulus can also be expressed using the rigidity
modulus and Poisson’s ratio as
E=2G(1+2μ)
Relation between elastic constants

We can derive a relationship between Young’s modulus, Bulk


modulus k, and modulus of rigidity by combining the above
two equations and solving them to eliminate Poisson’s ratio.
E=9KG ⁄ G+3k
Is the constant elastic equivalent to the spring constant?
When spring is elastic, it will return to its original shape once
the external force (the mass) has been released. The linear
equation describes the relationship between the force and the
displacement. As a result, because the spring constant is
constant (a feature of the spring itself), it may be concluded
Relation between elastic constants

How do you calculate the relationship between


elastic constants?
A small derivation is needed to connect the
various elastic constants. Using the
relationships between Young’s modulus and
bulk modulus and shear modulus, we can derive
the relationship between elastic constants.
Conclusion

Body deformation happens when a force outside the body is


applied to the deformed object. Elasticity is defined as the
ability of some materials to return to their previous position
after being subjected to a force external to themselves.
Hooke’s law states that when an elastic load is applied to a
material, the stress produced is proportionate to the strain
experienced by the material.
How can the relationship between elastic constants be used to
determine the extent of deformation? Elastic constants are a
general term that refers to all of the elastic constants of an
elastic solid. And the SI unit is N/m.
Thank you

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